Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality worldwide, and it affects individuals of all ages.

Traditionally, CVD has been associated with older adults; however, there is growing evidence highlighting an alarming rise in early-onset cardiovascular disease (EOCVD) cases among younger individuals. EOCVD refers to the development of cardiovascular conditions such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart failure before the age of 55 in men and 65 in women.

This article discusses the various risk factors associated with EOCVD, emphasizing the importance of early detection and preventive measures.

1. Family History and Genetics

Family history plays a significant role in determining an individual’s propensity for developing cardiovascular disease. If a close relative, such as a parent or sibling, has a history of EOCVD, the risk of developing the condition increases.

Research suggests that genetic factors contribute to approximately 40-60% of the risk of developing CVD. Certain gene mutations and variants can affect lipid metabolism, blood pressure regulation, and inflammation, thereby increasing the likelihood of developing EOCVD.

2. Smoking

Smoking is a well-established risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases, including EOCVD.

Tobacco smoke contains numerous harmful chemicals that contribute to the development of atherosclerosis, a condition characterized by the buildup of plaque in the arteries. Smoking also reduces levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, known as the “good” cholesterol, and increases blood pressure, thus further raising the risk of EOCVD.

Quitting smoking can substantially reduce an individual’s risk and improve cardiovascular health.

3. Sedentary Lifestyle and Lack of Physical Activity

A sedentary lifestyle, characterized by prolonged periods of sitting or inactivity, is associated with a higher risk of EOCVD.

Regular physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, lowers blood pressure, improves lipid profiles, and reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular conditions. Engaging in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, such as brisk walking or cycling, each week can significantly reduce the risk of EOCVD.

4. Unhealthy Diet

A diet high in saturated and trans fats, cholesterol, sodium, and added sugars increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, including EOCVD.

Such diets contribute to the development of obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, all of which are significant risk factors for EOCVD. Consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats, while limiting processed and sugary foods, is essential for maintaining optimal cardiovascular health.

5. Obesity

Obesity is a major risk factor for EOCVD. Excessive body weight contributes to the development of various cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes.

The accumulation of visceral fat also promotes chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and insulin resistance, further increasing the risk of EOCVD. Effective weight management strategies, including regular physical activity and a healthy diet, are essential in reducing the risk of EOCVD associated with obesity.

6. Hypertension

High blood pressure, or hypertension, is a leading risk factor for EOCVD.

Prolonged elevation in blood pressure contributes to the development of atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which increase the risk of cardiovascular events. Regular monitoring of blood pressure, and appropriate management through lifestyle modifications and medication if needed, is crucial in preventing EOCVD in individuals with hypertension.

7. Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus, both type 1 and type 2, significantly increases the risk of EOCVD. High blood glucose levels contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and accelerate the progression of existing cardiovascular conditions.

Individuals with diabetes should closely monitor their blood sugar levels, manage their condition through lifestyle modifications and medication if required, and undergo regular screenings for cardiovascular complications.

8. High Cholesterol Levels

Elevated levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, known as the “bad” cholesterol, and reduced levels of HDL cholesterol are significant risk factors for EOCVD.

LDL deposits cholesterol in the arterial walls, leading to the formation of plaque, while HDL helps remove excess cholesterol from the arteries. Regular cholesterol screenings, along with lifestyle modifications and medication if necessary, are crucial in managing cholesterol levels and reducing the risk of EOCVD.

9. Psychological Factors

Psychological factors, including chronic stress, depression, and anxiety, have been associated with an increased risk of EOCVD.

Prolonged exposure to stress hormones can lead to inflammation, elevated blood pressure, and poor lifestyle choices, all of which contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Incorporating stress management techniques, seeking support, and addressing mental health concerns are essential in mitigating the risk of EOCVD.

10. Substance Abuse

Substance abuse, particularly the excessive consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs, significantly increases the risk of EOCVD.

Alcohol abuse raises blood pressure, contributes to obesity, and disrupts lipid metabolism, ultimately leading to cardiovascular damage. Illicit drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamines, can cause severe vasoconstriction and cardiac abnormalities, potentially resulting in heart attacks, strokes, or sudden cardiac death.

Minimizing or avoiding substance abuse is crucial in preventing EOCVD.