Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that affects communication and behaviour. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 54 children in the United States has ASD.

While the exact cause of autism is still unknown, research suggests that there are several factors that increase the risk of autism in offspring.

Genetics

Research has shown that genetics play a role in the development of autism. Studies have found that if one identical twin has autism, the other twin is also more likely to have autism than a sibling who is not a twin.

Genetic mutations, including deletions, duplications, and changes in the structure of chromosomes can also increase the risk of autism. Additionally, having a family member, such as a sibling or parent, with autism increases the risk of having a child with autism.

Environment

The environment may also play a role in the development of autism. Exposure to certain toxins during pregnancy, such as valproic acid and thalidomide, has been linked to an increased risk of autism.

Other environmental factors that have been associated with autism include air pollution, pesticides, and maternal stress during pregnancy.

Age of Parents

The age of parents may also play a role in the development of autism.

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that children born to fathers over the age of 50 were more likely to develop autism than children born to fathers in their 20s. Additionally, children born to mothers over the age of 40 were also at a slightly higher risk of autism compared to children born to younger mothers.

Maternal Health

The health of the mother during pregnancy can also impact the risk of autism. Mothers who have certain health conditions during pregnancy, such as diabetes, hypertension, or obesity, are at a higher risk of having a child with autism.

Additionally, mothers who are exposed to certain infections during pregnancy, such as rubella, may have a higher risk of having a child with autism.

Preterm Birth

Preterm birth, defined as a birth before 37 weeks of gestation, has been associated with an increased risk of autism.

Researchers believe that preterm birth may increase the risk of autism due to the fact that preterm infants are more likely to experience neurological abnormalities, which can lead to developmental delays and other complications.

Low Birth Weight

Low birth weight, defined as a birth weight of less than 5 pounds 8 ounces, has also been associated with an increased risk of autism.

Researchers believe that low birth weight may increase the risk of autism due to the fact that low birth weight infants are more likely to experience complications such as hypoxia, which can lead to brain damage and other developmental issues.

Mutations in Sperm or Egg Cells

In some cases, mutations in sperm or egg cells can increase the risk of autism. These mutations can occur spontaneously, or they may be inherited from a parent.

Researchers are still studying the specific genetic mutations that may be associated with autism.

Gastrointestinal Problems

Research has also shown a link between autism and gastrointestinal problems such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome. Some researchers have suggested that these gastrointestinal issues may contribute to the development of autism.

However, more research is needed to fully understand the link between autism and gastrointestinal problems.

Conclusion

Overall, there are several factors that can increase the risk of autism in offspring.

While the exact causes of autism are still unknown, research suggests that genetics, environmental factors, age of parents, maternal health, preterm birth, low birth weight, mutations in sperm or egg cells, and gastrointestinal problems may all play a role in the development of autism.