Heart disease, also known as cardiovascular disease, is a leading cause of death throughout the world, claiming approximately 17.9 million lives annually.

Though it encompasses a range of heart conditions, the most common form of heart disease is coronary artery disease.

Causes of Heart Disease

Heart disease has a number of potential causes, including lifestyle, genetics, and age. The most significant risk factors for heart disease are high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, smoking, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Other contributing factors include diabetes, poor diet, and stress. Some of these factors are modifiable, meaning that individuals can take steps to reduce their risk of heart disease by changing their behaviors.

Symptoms of Heart Disease

Although some people with heart disease have no symptoms, others may experience chest pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue.

Those with more advanced stages of heart disease may experience heart failure, characterized by swelling in the ankles or feet, difficulty breathing, and coughing. Heart disease can also take the form of an irregular heartbeat or arrhythmia, which can produce lightheadedness, fainting, and chest pain.

Diagnosis of Heart Disease

Diagnosis of heart disease typically begins with a physical exam, including a review of medical history, symptoms, and risk factors.

Blood tests can help detect elevated levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and other substances that may indicate heart disease. An electrocardiogram (ECG) can record the electrical activity of the heart, identifying any abnormalities that may be indicative of heart damage or disease. Other diagnostic tests may include stress tests, echocardiograms, or cardiac catheterization.

Treatment of Heart Disease

Treatment of heart disease depends on the severity of the condition. Lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and quitting smoking, can help manage or prevent heart disease.

Medications may be prescribed to control blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as to treat heart failure or arrhythmias. In some cases, surgery may be necessary to repair damaged heart tissue or bypass blocked arteries.

Prevention of Heart Disease

Prevention of heart disease should begin early in life with healthy lifestyle habits. Regular exercise, healthy eating habits, and avoiding tobacco products can reduce the risk of heart disease.

Medical management of other risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes, can also help prevent heart disease. Early and regular screening for heart disease can detect the condition before symptoms appear, enabling early intervention and treatment.