Air pollution is now considered one of the greatest threats to human health. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), outdoor air pollution caused an estimated 4.2 million premature deaths worldwide in 2016.

Among the health risks associated with air pollution, kidney damage is one that deserves more attention.

What is air pollution?

Air pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air that we breathe.

These substances, known as air pollutants, can come from various sources, such as industrial activities, transportation, and natural phenomena like wildfires and dust storms. The most common air pollutants include particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and ozone (O3).

How does air pollution affect the kidneys?

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for filtering waste and excess fluids from the blood. Exposure to air pollution can cause damage to the kidneys, leading to a decline in their function.

Recent studies have found that long-term exposure to PM, NOx, and SO2 is associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Particulate matter (PM)

PM is a mixture of small particles of solid and liquid substances suspended in the air. Exposure to PM can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage the kidneys.

A study published in the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology found that higher levels of PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or less) were associated with a higher risk of CKD.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

NOx is a group of gases that are produced during combustion processes, such as those in vehicle engines and power plants. Exposure to NOx can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can lead to kidney damage.

A study published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism found that higher levels of NOx were associated with a higher risk of CKD.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

SO2 is a gas that is produced by the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. Exposure to SO2 can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage the kidneys.

A study published in the journal Environmental Epidemiology found that higher levels of SO2 were associated with a higher risk of CKD.

Ozone (O3)

O3 is a gas that is formed when NOx and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) react in the presence of sunlight. Ozone can cause inflammation and oxidative stress, which can damage the kidneys.

A study published in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives found that higher levels of O3 were associated with a higher risk of CKD.

Who is most at risk?

Everyone is at risk of kidney damage from air pollution, but some people are more vulnerable than others. Those who live in areas with high levels of air pollution, such as urban areas and near major highways, are at a higher risk.

People with pre-existing kidney disease, older adults, and those with other health problems, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, are also more vulnerable.

What can be done to reduce the risk?

To reduce the risk of kidney damage from air pollution, it is important to reduce exposure to air pollutants. Some ways to do this include:.

Avoiding outdoor exercise during times of high air pollution
Using public transportation, carpooling, or walking/biking instead of driving alone
Using energy-efficient appliances and reducing energy consumption
Supporting policies and regulations that aim to reduce air pollution

Conclusion

Air pollution is a significant threat to human health, and kidney damage is one of the many health risks associated with exposure to air pollutants.

Those who live in areas with high levels of air pollution, as well as those with pre-existing kidney disease and other health problems, are most vulnerable. Reducing exposure to air pollutants is critical in reducing the risk of kidney damage and other health problems associated with air pollution.