Splenomegaly is the enlargement of the spleen, an organ located in the upper left region of the abdomen. It performs several significant functions, like filtering blood, removing old red blood cells, and producing white blood cells.

While a normal spleen ranges between 11-14 cm long in adults, it can become enlarged up to three times its normal size.

Splenomegaly is often an indication of an underlying medical condition and must be promptly diagnosed and treated for better prognosis and health outcomes.

Splenomegaly Symptoms

Splenomegaly does not always exhibit symptoms; however, when it does, the below-listed symptoms are often experienced:.

1. Abdominal pain and discomfort

Pain in the upper left side of the abdomen is one of the most common symptoms of splenomegaly. The enlarged spleen presses against the stomach and causes pain and discomfort.

2. Fatigue and weakness

Enlarged spleen may cause increased fatigue and weakness. It happens because of swollen spleen filters out more blood cells than usual, leading to anemia or reduced red blood cells count.

3. Frequent infections

The spleen plays a significant role in the body’s immune system and helps fight infections. However, an enlarged spleen can weaken the body’s ability to fight infections, making you more susceptible to infections.

4. Feeling full or bloated

Since an enlarged spleen puts pressure on the stomach, it may cause a feeling of fullness, bloating, or nausea after eating a small amount of food.

5. Shortness of breath

Enlarged spleen can also cause pressure on the diaphragm and lungs. It may cause difficulty in breathing, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath.

Causes of Splenomegaly

Splenomegaly can be caused by various underlying medical conditions. Some of the common causes include:.

1. Infections

Several infections can cause an enlarged spleen, including viral infections (mononucleosis, hepatitis C), and bacterial infections (endocarditis, tuberculosis).

2. Liver diseases

Liver diseases like cirrhosis, leukemia, and lymphoma can cause an enlarged spleen. These diseases increase blood pressure in the veins that carry blood to the spleen, causing it to enlarge.

3. Blood disorders

Several blood disorders can cause an enlarged spleen, such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and hemolytic anemia.

4. Other medical conditions

Other medical conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and sarcoidosis can cause splenomegaly. In some cases, an enlarged spleen has no known underlying cause.

Diagnosis

To diagnose splenomegaly, your doctor will take a medical history, conduct a physical exam, and order some lab tests, imaging tests, or biopsy.

Imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI will help confirm the enlarged spleen, while blood tests help identify any underlying medical conditions.

Treatment and Management

The treatment of splenomegaly depends on the underlying cause and how severe the symptoms are. Infections are generally treated with antibiotics, antiviral, or antifungal medications.

Blood disorders may require blood transfusions, bone marrow transplant, or medication to control symptoms. In some cases, splenectomy (the surgical removal of the spleen) may be necessary.

Additionally, you may be advised to manage your lifestyle and avoid triggers that can aggravate the symptoms.

Some lifestyle changes that can help include getting enough rest, eating a healthy diet, avoiding alcohol consumption, and avoiding contact with people who have contagious illnesses.

It is essential to keep you regularly checked and monitored by your healthcare provider to prevent the development of severe complications, such as anemia, infections, and blood clots.

Conclusion

Splenomegaly is a medical condition that should not be taken lightly. It is essential to be aware of the symptoms and promptly seek medical attention when you notice them. A proper diagnosis and early treatment can lead to better outcomes.

Additionally, managing your symptoms and adopting a healthy lifestyle can help prevent severe complications.