Colon cancer, also known as colorectal cancer, is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. It affects both men and women and usually develops in people over the age of 50.

Although colon cancer can be fatal, it is highly curable when diagnosed early. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss the symptoms, stages, and risk factors of colon cancer.

Symptoms of Colon Cancer

The symptoms of colon cancer can vary depending on the location and size of the tumor. Some common symptoms include:.

Rectal bleeding
Change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation
Abdominal pain or cramping
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue
Feeling that your bowel is not emptying completely
Nausea or vomiting

If you experience any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for an evaluation. However, it is important to note that many of these symptoms can also be caused by other conditions, such as hemorrhoids or irritable bowel syndrome.

Stages of Colon Cancer

When colon cancer is diagnosed, it is assigned a stage based on the size and extent of the tumor, as well as whether it has spread to nearby lymph nodes or other areas of the body. The stages of colon cancer are:.

Stage 0: The cancer is only in the innermost lining of the colon.
Stage I: The cancer has grown through the innermost lining but has not spread beyond the colon wall.
Stage II: The cancer has spread to the outer layer of the colon wall or nearby tissue but has not spread to the lymph nodes.
Stage III: The cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to other parts of the body.
Stage IV: The cancer has spread to other organs or tissues in the body.

The stage of your cancer will determine the best course of treatment.

Risk Factors for Colon Cancer

While anyone can develop colon cancer, there are several factors that can increase your risk:.

Age: Most cases of colon cancer occur in people over the age of 50.
Family history: If you have a close relative who has had colon cancer, your risk is higher.
Personal history: If you have had colon cancer in the past, you are more likely to develop it again.
Polyps: Colon polyps are growths on the inner lining of the colon. While most polyps are not cancerous, some can develop into cancer over time.
Inflammatory bowel disease: If you have ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease, your risk of colon cancer is higher.
Diet: A diet high in red meat and processed meat, as well as a lack of fruits and vegetables, can increase your risk of colon cancer.
Obesity: Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of colon cancer.
Lack of exercise: A sedentary lifestyle can increase your risk of colon cancer.
Smoking: Smoking has been linked to an increased risk of colon cancer.

Prevention and Screening

While some risk factors for colon cancer cannot be changed, there are several steps you can take to lower your risk:.

Eat a healthy diet that is high in fruits and vegetables and low in red and processed meats.
Exercise regularly.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Quit smoking.
Limit alcohol consumption.

Screening tests can also help detect colon cancer early, when it is most treatable. The American Cancer Society recommends that people at average risk of colon cancer begin regular screening at age 45.

People with a family history of colon cancer or other risk factors may need to begin screening earlier.

Screening tests for colon cancer include:.

Colonoscopy
Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Stool DNA test
Double-contrast barium enema

Talk to your doctor about which screening test is right for you.

Treatment

The treatment for colon cancer will depend on the stage of your cancer and other factors, such as your age and overall health. Some common treatments include:.

Surgery to remove the tumor
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy
Targeted therapy

Your doctor will work with you to develop a treatment plan that is right for you.

Conclusion

Colon cancer is a serious disease, but it can be prevented and treated. Knowing the symptoms, risk factors, and screening options can help you detect colon cancer early, when it is most treatable.

By making healthy choices and getting regular screenings, you can reduce your risk of colon cancer and improve your overall health.