Colorectal cancer is a type of cancer that affects the colon or rectum, two components of the large intestine. It is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with millions of new cases diagnosed each year.

Although colorectal cancer can occur on either side of the colon, it is known to be riskier on the right side. This article will explore the reasons behind this increased risk, as well as discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for colorectal cancer.

Understanding Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, refers to the abnormal growth of cells in the large intestine. It typically begins as small polyps, which are precancerous growths that may eventually develop into cancerous tumors.

In most cases, colorectal cancer starts in the lining of the colon or rectum and gradually spreads to the surrounding tissues.

Cancer Risk Factors

Various factors can increase an individual’s risk of developing colorectal cancer. These include:.

Age: The risk of colorectal cancer increases with age, especially after the age of 50.
Family history: Individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer are at a higher risk.
Genetic factors: Certain genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), can predispose individuals to colorectal cancer.
Dietary choices: A diet high in red and processed meats, and low in fiber, fruits, and vegetables, has been linked to an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
Inflammatory bowel diseases: Chronic conditions, such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, can raise the risk of colorectal cancer.
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle: Being overweight or obese, as well as lack of physical activity, has been associated with a higher likelihood of developing colorectal cancer.
Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption: Tobacco use and heavy alcohol consumption can contribute to colorectal cancer.

Risk on the Right Side of the Colon

While colorectal cancer can occur on both the right and left sides of the colon, studies have shown that the right side poses a greater risk. Several factors contribute to this increased risk:.

1. Anatomy and Physiology

The right side of the colon differs from the left side in terms of anatomy and physiology. The right side has a larger diameter, slower transit time, and different microbial composition compared to the left side.

These differences may influence the development and progression of colorectal cancer.

2. Polyp Characteristics

The characteristics of polyps found on the right side of the colon differ from those on the left side. Right-sided polyps tend to be flat, sessile, and less likely to display visible symptoms such as bleeding.

These factors make them harder to detect during routine screening procedures, leading to delayed diagnosis and treatment.

3. Genetic and Molecular Factors

Genetic and molecular differences between right-sided and left-sided colorectal cancer also contribute to the increased risk.

Right-sided tumors are more likely to have specific genetic mutations, such as BRAF mutations, which are associated with poorer prognosis and resistance to certain treatments. These genetic differences make right-sided colorectal cancer more aggressive and difficult to treat.

4. Blood Supply and Lymphatic Drainage

The blood supply and lymphatic drainage patterns in the colon vary between the right and left sides.

The right side has a richer blood supply and different lymphatic drainage routes, making it easier for cancer cells to spread to other parts of the body. This increased metastatic potential contributes to the higher mortality rates associated with right-sided colorectal cancer.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of colorectal cancer can vary depending on the location and stage of the disease. However, common symptoms may include:.

Changes in bowel habits, such as persistent diarrhea or constipation
Blood in the stool or rectal bleeding
Abdominal pain or discomfort
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue or weakness

Early detection plays a crucial role in improving the prognosis of colorectal cancer. Screening methods, such as colonoscopy, fecal occult blood tests, and stool DNA tests, can help identify precancerous polyps or early-stage cancer.

If a suspicious growth is detected, a biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment Options

Treatment for colorectal cancer depends on various factors, including the stage of cancer, the location of the tumor, and the patient’s overall health. Common treatment options include:.

Surgery: The primary treatment for colorectal cancer involves surgically removing the tumor and nearby lymph nodes. In some cases, a colostomy or ileostomy may be necessary to redirect the bowel.
Chemotherapy: It involves the use of drugs to kill cancer cells or prevent their growth. Chemotherapy may be administered before or after surgery, or in cases of advanced or metastatic cancer.
Targeted therapy: Certain medications can specifically target genetic mutations in cancer cells, such as anti-EGFR drugs for tumors with KRAS or BRAF mutations.
Immunotherapy: This treatment uses the body’s immune system to fight cancer cells. It is mainly used for advanced colorectal cancer that tests positive for specific biomarkers, such as microsatellite instability (MSI) or mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR).
Radiation therapy: It involves using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy is commonly used in combination with surgery or chemotherapy for rectal cancer.

Conclusion

Colorectal cancer is a significant health concern, with the right side of the colon being associated with a higher risk of developing this disease.

Understanding the reasons behind this increased risk can help healthcare professionals provide targeted screening and treatment options for affected individuals. Early detection and appropriate treatment remain pivotal in improving outcomes for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer.