Eating disorders are serious mental health conditions that can have a profound impact on a person’s overall well-being, including their oral health.

The two most common types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, both of which can be detrimental to dental health. This article explores the link between eating disorders and oral health, highlighting the specific issues that arise and the importance of seeking professional help.

1. Dental erosion

One of the most significant oral health complications associated with eating disorders is dental erosion. This occurs when the tooth enamel, the protective outer layer of the teeth, is eroded by acid.

In the case of bulimia nervosa, frequent episodes of self-induced vomiting expose the teeth to stomach acid, leading to erosion. Anorexia nervosa can also contribute to dental erosion through frequent consumption of acidic foods and beverages.

2. Tooth sensitivity

As dental erosion progresses, the underlying dentin becomes exposed, leading to tooth sensitivity. This can result in discomfort or pain when consuming hot, cold, or sweet foods and beverages.

Many individuals with eating disorders may avoid certain foods due to tooth sensitivity, further compromising their nutritional intake.

3. Dry mouth

Another common oral health issue associated with eating disorders is dry mouth, medically known as xerostomia. Dry mouth occurs when there is a decrease in saliva production.

It can lead to difficulties in speaking, chewing, swallowing, and an increased risk of decay and gum disease due to reduced saliva’s protective effects.

4. Gum disease

Poor nutrition as a result of eating disorders can weaken the immune system, increasing the risk of gum disease, also known as periodontal disease. The gums may become inflamed, bleed easily, and become tender.

If left untreated, gum disease can progress to more severe stages, potentially causing tooth loss.

5. Tooth decay

Individuals with eating disorders often have poor dietary habits, including excessive consumption of sugary foods and beverages. Combined with the effects of dental erosion and dry mouth, this makes them more susceptible to tooth decay.

The acid produced by bacteria in the mouth feeds on sugars, leading to the formation of cavities.

6. Mouth sores and oral ulcers

Low nutrient intake in eating disorders can compromise the body’s ability to heal and fight infections, leading to the development of mouth sores and oral ulcers. These can be painful and make eating and speaking uncomfortable.

7. Changes in tooth color and shape

Malnutrition resulting from eating disorders can affect tooth development and mineralization, leading to changes in tooth color and shape. Teeth may become translucent, brittle, or more prone to breakage.

8. Acid reflux

Acid reflux, commonly experienced by individuals with eating disorders, can also cause damage to oral health. The stomach acid that regurgitates into the mouth can further contribute to dental erosion and decay.

9. Salivary gland enlargement

Some individuals with eating disorders may engage in excessive and compulsive chewing and spitting out food as a means of avoiding calorie intake.

This behavior can lead to salivary gland enlargement, resulting in pain, swelling, and discomfort in the mouth.

10. Dental anxiety and avoidance

The nature of eating disorders often involves a distorted body image, low self-esteem, and anxiety around food and eating. These factors can extend to dental care, leading to dental anxiety and avoidance.

Individuals may delay or avoid dental appointments, exacerbating oral health issues.

It is vital for individuals with eating disorders to seek professional help from healthcare providers, including both mental health specialists and oral health professionals.

A comprehensive treatment plan should address both the mental health aspects of the disorder and the associated oral health complications.