Physical activity has an important role in children’s growth and development, having major benefits for overall physical health, but also being linked with cognitive functioning and academic achievement.

Recent studies have indicated that exercise can enhance cognitive function in children and improve brain function. The aim of this article is to explore the exercise-induced changes in children’s brain function, including the brain structures and the mechanisms underlying the positive effects of physical activity on cognition.

Brain Structures Impacted by Exercise

Physical activity impacts several brain structures that are essential for cognition. These structures include the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia.

The hippocampus is a brain region that is critical for the formation, storage, and retrieval of memories, while the prefrontal cortex is involved in attention, decision-making, and cognitive flexibility. Finally, the basal ganglia play a role in motor control, reward, and motivation.

The Mechanisms Underlying the Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Cognition

The mechanisms that underlie the positive effects of physical activity on cognition are still not entirely understood. However, there are several theories that suggest various mechanisms of impact.

One theory posits that exercise stimulates the neurogenesis of the hippocampal tissue, which enhances the capacity for memory and learning. Another theory suggests that exercise increases neural connectivity and cerebral blood flow, which leads to an increase in cognitive performance.

Additionally, physical activity has been linked with the production of growth factors, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which promotes the growth and survival of neurons in the brain.

Effects of Exercise on Cognition and Academic Achievement in Children

Several studies have indicated that exercise is positively associated with cognition and academic achievement in children.

One study found that increasing physical activity was associated with a larger prefrontal cortex and improved cognitive control in children. Other studies have found a positive association between exercise and academic achievement, specifically in the areas of math and reading performance.

Different Types of Exercise and Their Effects

There are various types of exercise that have different effects on brain function. Aerobic exercise, such as running and cycling, has been associated with an increase in hippocampal volume and improved cognition.

Strength training has been associated with improved cognitive function in children and elderly adults. Additionally, studies have found a positive association between yoga and cognitive function, specifically in the areas of attention and working memory.

The Role of Physical Activity in Brain Development

Physical activity plays a crucial role in brain development, particularly during the early childhood years. During this time, the brain is rapidly developing, and experiences and stimuli have a crucial impact on the structure and function of the brain.

Physical activity contributes to the development of neural pathways and the establishment of critical brain structures, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia.

Conclusion

Exercise is essential for children’s growth and development, having crucial benefits for their physical and cognitive health.

Physical activity impacts several brain structures that are essential for cognition, including the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and basal ganglia. The mechanisms that underlie the positive effects of physical activity on cognition are still not entirely understood, and further research is needed to explore this area.

However, there is overwhelming evidence that exercise enhances cognitive function in children and improves brain function, contributing to academic achievement and overall health.