Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by an overactive thyroid or hyperthyroidism.

This condition typically occurs when the immune system of an individual mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to the overproduction of thyroid hormones. While Graves disease is commonly known to affect the thyroid gland, it can also impact other parts of the body, including the brain and cognitive function.

What is Cognitive Function?

Cognitive function refers to the mental processes used for gaining knowledge, including attention, perception, memory, learning, problem-solving, and reasoning.

Individuals with Graves disease may experience various changes in their cognition, including difficulty with memory, attention, concentration, and decision-making abilities.

The Link Between Graves Disease and Cognitive Function

Graves disease can affect cognitive function through various mechanisms. The autoimmune response that leads to Graves disease can result in the production of autoantibodies that cross the blood-brain barrier and damage brain tissue.

This can lead to inflammation of the brain or encephalopathy, which can result in cognitive symptoms.

Another way Graves disease can cause cognitive dysfunction is through the overproduction of thyroid hormones, which can lead to hyperthyroidism.

High levels of thyroid hormones can lead to symptoms such as anxiety, irritability, and difficulty sleeping, all of which can impact cognitive function. The increase in thyroid hormones can also result in accelerated metabolism, leading to weight loss, increased heart rate, and elevated blood pressure, all of which can hinder cognitive function.

Types of Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Graves Disease

Graves disease can cause different types of cognitive dysfunction. Some of the most common types of cognitive dysfunction associated with Graves disease include:.

Memory Dysfunction

The ability to remember can be negatively impacted by Graves disease. People with Graves disease may experience memory problems, such as difficulty remembering names, appointments, and recent events.

Attention and Concentration Problems

Individuals with Graves disease may experience difficulty focusing on tasks they might have performed effortlessly before. Attention and concentration problems can inhibit problem-solving and decision-making abilities.

Slowed Speech and Thought Processes

Hyperthyroidism, which is a result of Graves disease, can impact an individual’s thought and speech patterns. The processing of information may slow down, leading to stuttering, slowing of speech and thought.

Mental Fatigue

People with Graves disease may experience mental fatigue. Fatigue occurs due to the body’s inadequate supply of thyroid hormones, which are responsible for metabolism, which induces the brain and the body to function.

Mental fatigue can cause lethargy, inability to concentrate, and even lead to short-term memory loss.

Diagnosis of Cognitive Issues Due to Graves Disease

As there are many types of cognitive dysfunctions, researchers must determine which type and severity are present before ill-progression worsens.

The medical practitioner will take a thorough medical history, which includes evaluating previous medical tests, identifying the severity of cognitive issues, and confirming that there are no other medical causes that could be influencing the issues. The medical practitioner may also request evaluations, such as a Computerized tomography scan, Magnetic resonance imaging scan, or other blood tests.

Managing Cognitive Symptoms of Graves Disease

While there is no cure for Graves disease, various treatment options can help manage cognitive symptoms.

Antithyroid Medications

Antithyroid medications decrease thyroid hormones’ production and relieve hyperthyroidism symptoms. Consequently, memory, attention span, and decision-making can improve as thyroid hormones become balanced.

Beta-Blockers

Beta-Blockers reduce the influence of thyroid hormones on the body, which can alleviate symptoms of anxiety such as: trembling and palpitations that can hinder the ability to focus.

Radiation Treatment

Radiation therapy or radioiodine treatment involves the destruction of the thyroid gland’s cells using radioactive iodine. This procedure aims to balance thyroid hormone production and relieve cognitive symptoms caused by Graves Disease.

Thyroid Surgery

When other methods are ineffective, physicians may recommend the surgical removal of the thyroid gland. This approach requires subsequent thyroid hormone replacement therapy to stabilize metabolism and cognitive processes.

Conclusion

Graves disease can cause various cognitive issues, including difficulties with memory, attention span, decision-making abilities, and mental fatigue.

While there are several treatment options available, physicians must accurately diagnose Graves’ disease and its cognitive symptoms promptly. Fortunately, with appropriate treatment, people with Graves Disease can efficiently manage and enhance their cognitive function through the restoration of balanced thyroid levels.