Hashimoto thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is a condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing inflammation and damage.

This can result in an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) as well as other complications. The symptoms of Hashimoto thyroiditis can vary widely from person to person, but there are certain characteristic ways in which the disease can manifest.

In this article, we will explore some of the images that show how Hashimoto thyroiditis can present itself.

Goiter

One of the most common manifestations of Hashimoto thyroiditis is the development of a goiter, which is an enlarged thyroid gland. This can be seen as a swelling or lump in the neck, sometimes causing discomfort or difficulty swallowing or breathing.

In some cases, the goiter may be visible or palpable, while in other cases it may be detected only through imaging tests.

Hypothyroidism

Another common manifestation of Hashimoto thyroiditis is hypothyroidism, which occurs when the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormone.

This can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, weight gain, slow heart rate, constipation, dry skin, and sensitivity to cold. In some cases, the hypothyroidism may be mild and have few symptoms, but in others it may be severe enough to require treatment with medication.

Autoimmune Disease

Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune disease, which means that the immune system is attacking the body’s own tissues. This can be seen in various ways, such as the presence of antibodies against thyroid tissue or the thyroid hormone itself.

In some cases, other autoimmune diseases may also be present, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Thyroid Nodules

In addition to the goiter, Hashimoto thyroiditis can also cause the formation of thyroid nodules, which are small lumps or growths on the thyroid gland.

These nodules may be benign or malignant, and can sometimes be felt as a hard mass in the neck or detected through imaging tests. In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to determine whether the nodules are cancerous.

Thyroiditis on Ultrasound

Ultrasound is commonly used to diagnose Hashimoto thyroiditis, as it can show the characteristic changes in the thyroid gland that are associated with the disease.

On ultrasound, the thyroid gland may appear enlarged with a thickened or irregular outer layer, and may have areas of hypoechoic (dark) or hyperechoic (bright) tissue. The presence of nodules or calcifications may also be apparent.

Anti-Thyroid Antibodies

As mentioned, Hashimoto thyroiditis involves the production of antibodies that target the thyroid gland.

There are several different types of antibodies that may be detected in the blood of individuals with the disease, including anti-thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies and anti-thyroglobulin (TG) antibodies. These antibodies can be detected through blood tests, and their presence can help confirm the diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis.

Graves’ Disease

Graves’ disease is another autoimmune condition that affects the thyroid gland, but it is distinct from Hashimoto thyroiditis.

While both diseases involve abnormal immune responses, Graves’ disease causes the thyroid gland to become overactive and produce too much thyroid hormone, leading to symptoms such as anxiety, tremors, sweating, and weight loss. Imaging tests may show an enlarged thyroid gland and increased blood flow to the gland. Blood tests may detect the presence of antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland.

Palpation of the Thyroid

Finally, physicians may also be able to detect signs of Hashimoto thyroiditis through palpation of the thyroid gland during a physical examination. The gland may be firm or rubbery to the touch, and may be enlarged or have nodules present.

The exam may also reveal tenderness or discomfort in the neck or throat area.

Conclusion

Hashimoto thyroiditis is a complex and multifaceted condition that can manifest in various ways. While the symptoms and signs of the disease can be diverse, there are certain characteristic features that are associated with Hashimoto thyroiditis.

By understanding these manifestations, healthcare providers can more effectively diagnose and treat the condition.