If you have been feeling pain on the upper left side of your abdomen and it’s feeling swollen, you might be experiencing a swollen spleen. The spleen is a small organ located under the rib cage and above your stomach.

It’s an important part of your immune system, helping your body fight infections and filtering out old or damaged blood cells. However, several conditions can lead to the enlargement of the spleen and cause it to function abnormally. In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of a swollen spleen.

Causes of a swollen spleen

Enlargement of the spleen is known as splenomegaly. There are multiple causes of splenomegaly, including:.

Infections

Viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections can cause the spleen to enlarge as it increases the production of white blood cells that fight off the invading pathogens.

Hepatitis, mononucleosis, and malaria are some of the common infections that can cause splenomegaly.

Cancer

Spleen cancer or tumors that spread to the spleen can also cause the organ to enlarge. Blood cancers such as lymphoma or leukemia are some of the cancers associated with splenomegaly.

Liver disorders

Liver cirrhosis, a condition in which scar tissue replaces healthy liver tissue, often leads to increased blood pressure in the splenic vein, resulting in splenomegaly.

Autoimmune conditions

Spleen enlargement can also be due to autoimmune diseases that cause the body to attack its tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are some of the autoimmune conditions that cause splenomegaly.

Blood disorders

Red blood cell disorders such as sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and hemolytic anemia can cause the spleen to work harder and enlarge.

Others

In addition, cysts, abscesses, and trauma to the spleen can also cause splenomegaly.

Symptoms of a swollen spleen

Enlarged spleen might not cause any symptoms in some people. However, some signs and symptoms of splenomegaly can include:.

Pain or discomfort

You might feel pain or discomfort on the upper left side of the belly that can radiate to the left shoulder.

Fullness or pressure

The enlarged spleen can push against other organs, causing a feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen.

Fatigue

You may feel more tired than usual as the enlarged spleen may filter out more blood cells, leaving you with fewer red blood cells.

Unexplained weight loss

Weight loss despite a normal diet can be a symptom of a swollen spleen.

Anemia

The enlarged spleen can cause a decrease in red blood cells, leading to anemia which can cause fatigue and weakness.

Diagnosis of a swollen spleen

If you notice any symptoms of splenomegaly, you should see a doctor who can perform physical exams and recommend tests, including:.

Blood tests

A complete blood count (CBC) can detect if there’s a reduction in red blood cells and any abnormalities in the white blood cell count or platelets. Liver function tests can determine if liver-related problems are causing the spleen to enlarge.

Imaging tests

Ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans can create images of the spleen to determine its size and texture and detect any abnormalities or inflammation in the organ.

Biopsy

A sample of the spleen tissue can be taken and examined under a microscope to determine the cause of splenomegaly. The biopsy is usually taken through laparoscopy or needle aspiration.

Treatment of a swollen spleen

The treatment of splenomegaly depends on its underlying cause. Some treatment options include:.

Medications

Antibiotics can treat bacterial infections associated with splenomegaly. Anti-inflammatory drugs can ease symptoms of autoimmune conditions that cause enlarged spleen.

Surgery

If the spleen is severely enlarged or causing complications, a splenectomy (surgery to remove the spleen) can be recommended. After the procedure, other organs such as the liver can take over some of the spleen’s functions.

Lifestyle changes

Some lifestyle changes can help manage symptoms of splenomegaly. Avoiding contact sports and heavy lifting can prevent injury to an enlarged spleen, which can cause internal bleeding.

Also, maintaining good hygiene and getting recommended vaccinations can prevent infections that can cause enlarged spleen, especially in people with compromised immune systems.

Conclusion

Splenomegaly or an enlarged spleen can be caused by various factors, including infections, cancer, liver disorders, and autoimmune conditions. Symptoms of a swollen spleen include pain, discomfort, fullness, fatigue, weight loss, and anemia.

Diagnosis of the condition can be done through blood tests, imaging tests, and biopsy. Treatment options depend on the underlying cause and can include medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes. If you experience any symptoms of splenomegaly, it’s crucial to see a doctor for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.