Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that commonly affects people who have been exposed to the sun for extended periods of time. It is also the most dangerous type of skin cancer because it can quickly spread to other parts of the body.

Recognizing the signs and symptoms of melanoma can help individuals detect it early and get the appropriate treatment.

What is Melanoma?

Melanoma occurs when there is an abnormal growth of pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) in the skin. These cells produce melanin, which gives color to the skin. When melanocytes grow uncontrollably, they form a tumor.

Melanoma can appear as a new mole or a change in an existing mole. It can also occur on normal skin.

Risk Factors for Melanoma

Some of the risk factors associated with melanoma include:.

Excessive sun exposure
Tanning bed use
Fair skin, light-colored hair, and eyes
Having many moles or abnormal moles
Personal or family history of melanoma

What Does Melanoma Look Like?

Melanoma can appear in different ways, but one of the most common features is the ABCDEs of melanoma:.

A is for Asymmetry

If one half of a mole or birthmark does not match the other half, it could be a sign of melanoma. Non-cancerous moles are usually symmetrical.

B is for Border

If the edges of a mole are ragged, blurred or irregular, it could be a sign of melanoma. Non-cancerous moles usually have smooth, well-defined borders.

C is for Color

If a mole is not consistent in color or has shades of tan, brown, black, white or red, it could be a sign of melanoma. Non-cancerous moles usually have a single shade.

D is for Diameter

If a mole is larger than the size of a pencil eraser (about 6 mm), it could be a sign of melanoma. However, melanomas can also be smaller than this size.

E is for Evolving

If a mole changes in size, shape, color, or height, or if it begins to itch or bleed, it could be a sign of melanoma.

Other Symptoms of Melanoma

While the ABCDEs of melanoma are helpful in identifying it, they do not cover all the possible symptoms of this type of skin cancer. Other symptoms of melanoma include:.

A bump or nodule on the skin that is shiny, firm and dome-shaped
A dark spot under a toenail or fingernail
A mole that is painful, itchy or tender to the touch
A mole that has developed any of the characteristics listed in the ABCDEs of melanoma
A sore that does not heal
A new spot on the skin that looks like a bruise and does not go away after a week

Treatment Options for Melanoma

If you notice any of the symptoms of melanoma, it is important to see a doctor right away. Treatment options may include:.

Surgery to remove the melanoma
Immunotherapy
Chemotherapy
Radiation therapy

The type of treatment recommended will depend on the stage and location of the melanoma, as well as other factors such as the person’s age and overall health.