Infertility is defined as not being able to conceive a child despite frequent, unprotected sexual intercourse for at least a year. It affects many couples worldwide and can be attributed to male factors, female factors, or a combination of both.

Of all infertility cases, male factors account for about 30% – 50%, while female factors account for 30% – 50%. The remaining cases are due to a combination of both male and female factors or unknown causes.

Causes of Male Infertility

Male infertility can be caused by several factors, including:.

Low sperm count
Poor sperm motility (movement)
Abnormal sperm shape
Ejaculation disorders
Varicocele (enlarged veins in the scrotum)
Hormonal imbalances
Genetic disorders
Chronic illness
Exposure to certain environmental toxins or medications

Associated Health Conditions

Male infertility can also be associated with certain health conditions, such as:.

1. Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes can cause damage to the nerves and blood vessels that support sexual function, leading to erectile dysfunction and infertility.

2. Obesity

Obesity is a risk factor for male infertility, as it can lead to hormonal imbalances and decreased sperm count and motility.

3. Hypertension

High blood pressure can affect blood flow to the penis, causing erectile dysfunction and infertility.

4. Celiac Disease

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the digestion of gluten. It can lead to malabsorption of nutrients, including zinc and folate, which are essential for sperm production and function.

5. Thyroid Disorders

Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, can affect sperm count and motility.

6. Testicular Cancer

Testicular cancer, although rare, can affect male fertility. Treatment for testicular cancer, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can cause damage to the testicles.

7. Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

STIs, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can cause inflammation and scarring of the reproductive system, leading to infertility.

8. Varicocele

Varicocele, as mentioned before, is a condition in which the veins in the scrotum become enlarged. It can cause decreased sperm count and motility.

9. Hemochromatosis

Hemochromatosis is a genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron. It can lead to testicular failure and infertility.

10. Alcohol and Drug Abuse

Alcohol and drug abuse can affect sperm production and function, leading to infertility.

Treatment of Male Infertility

The treatment of male infertility depends on the underlying cause and may include:.

Lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and quitting smoking
Treating underlying health conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension
Surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities, such as varicocele
Hormone therapy to correct hormonal imbalances
Assisted reproductive technologies (ART), such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Conclusion

Male infertility can be caused by several factors, including low sperm count, poor sperm motility, and abnormal sperm shape. It can also be associated with certain health conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.

The treatment of male infertility depends on the underlying cause and may include lifestyle changes, treating underlying health conditions, surgery, hormone therapy, and ART.