A third testicle, also known as supernumerary testicle or polyorchidism, is a rare condition in which a person is born with more than two testicles.

While most men are born with two testicles located within the scrotum, individuals with polyorchidism may have three, four, or even more testicles. This abnormality is considered extremely uncommon, with only a few hundred cases reported worldwide.

Causes and Types of Polyorchidism

The exact cause of polyorchidism is unknown, but medical professionals speculate that it occurs during fetal development. It is believed that an error in the process of testicular formation may lead to the presence of additional testicles.

However, the specific factors or genetic mutations that contribute to this condition are yet to be identified.

Polyorchidism is classified into two main types:.

Unilateral Polyorchidism

Unilateral polyorchidism refers to the presence of an additional testicle on one side of the scrotum. This is the most common form of polyorchidism, accounting for around 90% of reported cases.

In such instances, the supernumerary testicle is usually smaller in size and may not function adequately.

Bilateral Polyorchidism

Bilateral polyorchidism occurs when a person has an additional testicle on both sides of the scrotum. This type is significantly rarer, accounting for less than 10% of reported cases.

Bilateral polyorchidism often presents with smaller and non-functional extra testicles.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

In most cases, individuals with polyorchidism do not experience any symptoms or physical discomfort directly associated with the condition.

The presence of a third testicle may remain unnoticed unless discovered during a routine physical examination or medical imaging tests.

To diagnose polyorchidism, medical professionals may use various methods, including:.

Physical Examination

A thorough physical examination of the scrotum and testicles can detect the presence of an additional testicle. The size, shape, and consistency of the testicles are assessed to determine if there are any abnormalities.

Ultrasound

An ultrasound scan can provide detailed images of the scrotum and the internal structures of the testicles. This imaging technique helps in visualizing the number, location, and characteristics of any supernumerary testicles.

MRI or CT Scan

In some cases, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT) scans may be recommended to obtain more precise images of the scrotum, testicles, and surrounding tissues.

These imaging techniques can help differentiate between additional testicles, tumors, or other abnormalities.

Potential Complications

While polyorchidism itself does not usually cause health complications, there are certain factors that individuals with this condition should be aware of.

The extra testicles may have a higher risk of developing abnormalities, such as tumors or cysts. Regular monitoring through medical check-ups and imaging tests is essential to identify and address any potential issues promptly.

Treatment and Management

The treatment approach for polyorchidism depends on various factors, including the number of additional testicles, their functionality, and the presence of complications.

In most cases, surgical removal of the supernumerary testicle(s) is recommended.

This procedure, known as orchiectomy, is typically performed to eliminate any potential risks associated with the extra testicle(s), such as the development of tumors or torsion (twisting) of the testicles.

After surgery, regular follow-up appointments and imaging tests are necessary to monitor the overall health of the remaining testicles and ensure there are no new complications.

Psychosocial Impact and Emotional Support

Coping with a rare condition like polyorchidism can have a psychological and emotional impact on individuals and their families.

It is crucial to provide appropriate emotional support, education, and resources to address any concerns and help manage the potential challenges associated with the condition.

Conclusion

Polyorchidism, the presence of a third testicle, is an extremely rare condition. While it does not typically cause symptoms, regular monitoring and potential surgical intervention may be necessary to mitigate any associated risks.

It is important for individuals diagnosed with polyorchidism to consult with medical professionals for proper diagnosis, treatment, and support.