Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder that affects an estimated 1 billion people worldwide. It is characterized by severe headaches, sensitivity to light and sound, nausea, and vomiting.

Migraine attacks can last for hours or even days, and they often interfere with daily activities and quality of life.

While the exact cause of migraines remains unknown, researchers have identified several triggers that can increase the likelihood of an attack. Some triggers are avoidable, while others are not. Here are the top 14 migraine triggers:.

1. Stress

Stress is one of the most common migraine triggers. When you’re stressed, your body releases chemicals that can cause blood vessels in the brain to constrict and then expand.

This can lead to the throbbing pain and other symptoms associated with migraines. Stress reduction techniques such as deep breathing, yoga, and meditation can help manage stress and reduce the risk of migraines.

2. Hormonal Changes

Many women experience migraines during hormonal changes, such as during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause. Changes in estrogen levels are thought to play a role in this.

There are hormonal treatments that can help alleviate migraines in women, such as birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy.

3. Foods

Certain foods and drinks have been known to trigger migraines in some people. These include:.

• Chocolate
• Caffeine
• Alcohol
• Processed meats like hot dogs and deli meats
• Artificial sweeteners like aspartame
• Monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is commonly found in Asian cuisine and processed foods
• Cheese, particularly aged cheeses like cheddar, brie, and blue cheese

If you notice that certain foods trigger your migraines, try avoiding them and see if it helps.

4. Changes in Weather

Changes in weather, particularly sudden drops in barometric pressure, can trigger migraines in some people. Unfortunately, there’s not much you can do to control the weather.

However, staying hydrated, getting plenty of rest, and wearing sunglasses or a hat can help reduce the risk of migraines.

5. Lack of Sleep

Not getting enough sleep or having poor quality sleep can also trigger migraines. Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night, and try to establish a regular sleeping routine.

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Avoid caffeine and alcohol before bedtime, and make sure your sleeping environment is cool, dark, and quiet.

6. Strong Odors

Strong smells, such as perfume, cigarette smoke, and cleaning products, can trigger migraines in some people. Try to avoid exposure to these triggers, or wear a mask or respirator to filter out the odors.

7. Dehydration

Dehydration can cause blood vessels in the brain to narrow and expand, which can trigger migraines. Make sure you’re drinking enough water throughout the day, and avoid sugary or caffeinated drinks, which can dehydrate you even more.

8. Bright Lights

Bright lights, including sunlight, can trigger migraines in some people. Try wearing sunglasses or a brimmed hat to reduce your exposure.

9. Loud Noises

Loud noises, such as construction work, concerts, or even traffic, can trigger migraines in some people. Try wearing earplugs or noise-cancelling headphones to reduce your exposure.

10. Physical Activity

Intense physical activity, such as running or weightlifting, can trigger migraines in some people. Try easing into exercise slowly, and always warm up and cool down properly.

11. Medications

Some medications can trigger migraines in certain people, including:.

• Oral contraceptives
• Blood pressure medications
• Hormone replacement therapy
• Antidepressants
• Antihistamines

If you suspect that a medication is triggering your migraines, talk to your doctor about alternative treatments.

12. Changes in Routine

Changes in routine, such as skipping meals or altering your sleep schedule, can trigger migraines in some people. Try to establish a regular routine for eating, sleeping, and exercising.

13. Allergies

Allergies can cause inflammation in the body, which can trigger migraines. If you have allergies, try to avoid the allergens that trigger your symptoms.

14. Genetics

Finally, genetics may play a role in migraines. If you have a family history of migraines, you may be more likely to experience them yourself.

While you may not be able to control all of these migraine triggers, identifying and avoiding your personal triggers can help reduce the frequency and severity of your migraines.