Women have an average menstrual cycle of 28 days. However, it is not uncommon for it to vary between 21 and 35 days. A late or missed period can be a cause for alarm for many women, and rightfully so.

It may indicate a pregnancy or an underlying health condition, such as PCOS or thyroid dysfunction. In this article, we will discuss the three most common causes of a missed period and what you can do about it.

Pregnancy

Missing a period can be a sign of pregnancy. When sperm meets an egg, it implants itself in the lining of the uterus, causing the body to stop shedding the uterine lining. This leads to a missed period.

If you are sexually active and have missed your period, the first step is to take a pregnancy test.

Pregnancy tests are widely available at drug stores and online. They test for the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone, which is produced only during pregnancy.

You can take a urine test at home or a blood test at your doctor’s office. When taking a pregnancy test, it is important to follow the instructions carefully.

If the pregnancy test is negative, but you still do not get your period for a few months, it is best to see your doctor. This could indicate a more serious issue.

Stress

Stress can be a significant cause of missed periods. When the body is under stress, it releases a hormone called cortisol, which affects the production of reproductive hormones like estrogen and progesterone.

These hormones are responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle. High-stress levels can lead to changes in these hormones, causing periods to become irregular or, in some cases, cease altogether.

Stress can come from many sources, including work, relationships, illness, or other life events.

You may feel like you have no control over your stress levels, but there are many things you can do to reduce stress, such as practicing mindfulness, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep. If stress is the cause of your missed period, taking steps to manage it could help normalize your cycle.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)

PCOS is a hormonal disorder that affects up to 10% of women of reproductive age. It is characterized by small cysts on the ovaries and high levels of androgens, which are male hormones that women also produce.

PCOS can lead to menstrual irregularities, including missed periods. Women with PCOS often have high levels of insulin and are at risk for developing type 2 diabetes and other metabolic disorders.

Women with PCOS may experience other symptoms, such as acne, weight gain, and excess hair growth on the face and body. Diagnosis of PCOS involves measuring hormone levels and ultrasound to see the cysts on the ovaries.

Treatment for PCOS usually involves lifestyle changes, such as weight loss, and medications to regulate hormones and insulin levels.

Thyroid Dysfunction

The thyroid gland produces hormones that control metabolism and affect many bodily functions, including the menstrual cycle. Hypothyroidism, or an underactive thyroid gland, can lead to menstrual irregularities, including missed periods.

Women with hypothyroidism often experience fatigue, weight gain, and depression.

Diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction involves a blood test to measure thyroid hormone levels. Treatment usually involves medication to replace the missing hormones.

Conclusion

A late or missed period can be a cause for alarm, but the most common causes are pregnancy, stress, polycystic ovary syndrome, and thyroid dysfunction.

Identifying the underlying cause is important for your health and the well-being of your reproductive system. If you suspect an underlying condition, see your doctor promptly. In many cases, treatment can alleviate symptoms and restore your menstrual cycle to normal.