Multiple myeloma is a type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell. Plasma cells are an important part of the immune system and produce antibodies that help fight off infections.

Secretive Symptoms of Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is often referred to as a secretive disease because its symptoms can be subtle and easily overlooked. In the early stages, it may not cause any symptoms at all. As the disease progresses, however, the following symptoms may occur:.

Bone Pain and Fractures

One of the most common symptoms of multiple myeloma is bone pain, especially in the back, ribs, hips, and skull. This pain may worsen with movement or at night. Multiple myeloma weakens the bones, making them more susceptible to fractures.

Anemia

Due to the impaired production of normal blood cells, multiple myeloma can lead to anemia. Anemia can cause fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and pale skin.

Kidney Problems

Multiple myeloma can also affect the kidneys. The abnormal plasma cells can produce proteins that can damage the kidneys. This can result in symptoms such as increased thirst, frequent urination, and swelling in the legs and ankles.

Infections

The compromised immune system in multiple myeloma patients makes them more susceptible to infections. Common infections include pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and skin infections.

Weight Loss and Loss of Appetite

Unexplained weight loss and loss of appetite are symptoms that can occur in multiple myeloma. This can be due to the cancer cells affecting the metabolism and causing a decreased desire for food.

Nervous System Symptoms

In some cases, multiple myeloma can affect the nervous system, leading to symptoms such as numbness, tingling, weakness, or even confusion.

Prognosis of Multiple Myeloma

The prognosis of multiple myeloma varies depending on several factors, including the stage of the disease, the patient’s age, overall health, and response to treatment.

Staging and Risk Stratification

Multiple myeloma is staged based on the International Staging System (ISS), which takes into account the level of beta-2 microglobulin and albumin in the blood, as well as the presence of certain genetic abnormalities.

Staging helps determine the extent and severity of the disease.

Treatment Options

The treatment for multiple myeloma typically involves a combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy, and sometimes stem cell transplantation.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapies, such as immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors, directly target the cancer cells and disrupt their growth and survival.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy may be used to relieve pain or treat localized areas of bone damage caused by multiple myeloma. It involves using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.