Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common viral infection that can be particularly dangerous for newborns.

CMV is a member of the herpes virus family and spreads through close contact with body fluids, such as saliva, urine, or breast milk, of an infected person. In healthy individuals, CMV infection often goes unnoticed or causes mild symptoms that resemble the common cold. However, for infants infected with CMV during pregnancy or shortly after birth, the consequences can be severe and even life-threatening.

The Prevalence of CMV in Newborns

CMV is the most common congenital viral infection worldwide, affecting approximately 0.5 to 2.5% of all newborns. The prevalence varies across different populations and geographic regions, but overall, CMV poses a significant health risk for infants.

The virus can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, known as congenital CMV, or via close contact with infected individuals soon after birth, known as postnatal CMV.

Transmission and Risk Factors

CMV can be transmitted through various routes, including direct contact with infected individuals’ bodily fluids, such as saliva, urine, or breast milk.

In the case of congenital CMV, the pregnant mother can transmit the virus to the fetus through the placenta. Risk factors for congenital CMV transmission include maternal primary infection during pregnancy, certain maternal behaviors (such as sharing utensils with young children), and exposure to children in daycare settings.

For postnatal CMV, infants can become infected if they come into contact with the virus shortly after birth.

This can occur through close contact with infected caregivers, such as kissing the baby on the mouth, sharing utensils, or through breastfeeding.

The Impact on Newborns

CMV infection can lead to a range of adverse outcomes for newborns. While some infants may experience mild or no symptoms at all, others may develop severe complications. The most common manifestations of CMV infection in newborns include:.

1. Hearing Loss: CMV is the leading non-genetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss in children.

Approximately 10-15% of infants with congenital CMV infection will develop hearing loss, which can have lifelong implications for their communication and development.

2. Neurological Disabilities: CMV can cause various neurological impairments, such as developmental delays, intellectual disability, seizures, and cerebral palsy.

These disabilities can significantly impact the affected child’s quality of life and require ongoing medical and therapeutic interventions.

3. Vision Impairment: CMV can cause vision problems, including blindness, due to retinitis or optic nerve damage. Visual impairments can further complicate a child’s development and necessitate specialized care and support.

4. Growth and Developmental Disorders: Some infants with CMV infection may experience growth delays and exhibit delayed milestones, such as delayed crawling or walking.

These developmental disorders require close monitoring and early intervention to promote optimal growth and development.

5. Liver and Lung Complications: In severe cases, CMV infection can lead to liver dysfunction and pneumonia in newborns. These complications can be life-threatening and require intensive medical care.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Early diagnosis of CMV infection in newborns is crucial for timely intervention and management. Diagnostic tests include blood, urine, and saliva tests to detect the presence of the virus or antibodies produced against it.

In some cases, imaging tests, such as ultrasounds or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are conducted to assess any potential damage caused by the infection.

Unfortunately, there is currently no specific treatment for congenital CMV. However, infected infants may require supportive care, such as antiviral medications to manage symptoms and complications.

In cases of hearing loss, early intervention with hearing aids or cochlear implants is essential to mitigate the impact on language and cognitive development.

Prevention Measures

Prevention is vital to minimize the risk of CMV infection in newborns. Pregnant women, in particular, can take certain precautions to protect themselves and their unborn child:.

1. Practice good hygiene, such as frequent handwashing with soap and water for at least 20 seconds.

2. Avoid sharing food, drinks, or utensils with young children.

3. Avoid close contact with individuals who have cold-like symptoms, especially if they are caregivers for young children.

4. Practice safe sexual behaviors, as CMV can be sexually transmitted.

5. If a pregnant woman has a young child at home or works closely with young children, they should discuss the risks with their healthcare provider and consider additional precautions.

Conclusion

Cytomegalovirus presents significant risks for newborns, potentially leading to lifelong consequences such as hearing loss, developmental disabilities, and vision impairment.

Early diagnosis, appropriate management, and preventive measures play a crucial role in minimizing the impact of CMV infection on newborns. Education and awareness about CMV are essential to ensure pregnant women and caregivers take necessary precautions to protect the most vulnerable members of our society.