Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a condition characterized by a sudden drop in blood pressure when transitioning from a seated or lying position to a standing one.

This can lead to a range of symptoms such as dizziness, lightheadedness, blurred vision, and even fainting. While it can occur in individuals of any age, it is more common among older adults. While orthostatic hypotension can be caused by various factors, certain underlying conditions have been found to significantly increase the risk by up to 40%.

Let’s explore these conditions in more detail.

1. Autonomic nervous system disorders

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary functions, including blood pressure regulation. Certain disorders affecting this system can disrupt the body’s ability to maintain stable blood pressure levels, leading to orthostatic hypotension.

Conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure are known to increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension. These disorders often result in damage to the nerves that control blood vessel constriction and heart rate, causing a drop in blood pressure upon standing.

2. Diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels. Individuals with diabetes can develop nerve damage over time, a condition known as diabetic neuropathy.

This nerve damage can affect the autonomic nervous system, resulting in orthostatic hypotension. Furthermore, diabetes can also lead to blood vessel and heart complications, further increasing the risk of this condition.

3. Adrenal insufficiency

The adrenal glands produce hormones that regulate several physiological processes, including blood pressure. Adrenal insufficiency occurs when these glands do not produce enough hormones, leading to various symptoms, including orthostatic hypotension.

Conditions that can cause adrenal insufficiency include Addison’s disease and congenital adrenal hyperplasia.

4. Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when the body does not have enough water to function properly. This can be the result of inadequate fluid intake, excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications that increase urine production.

Dehydration can disrupt the body’s fluid balance and affect blood volume, leading to orthostatic hypotension. Staying hydrated is crucial in maintaining stable blood pressure levels.

5. Medications

Certain medications have been linked to orthostatic hypotension as a side effect. These include drugs used to treat high blood pressure, such as alpha blockers and beta blockers.

Other medications, such as tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics, and some sedatives, can also increase the risk. It is important for individuals taking these medications to be aware of the potential side effects and consult their healthcare provider if they experience symptoms of orthostatic hypotension.

6. Anemia

Anemia is a condition characterized by a decrease in the number of red blood cells or the amount of hemoglobin in the blood. This can affect the blood’s ability to carry oxygen to the body’s tissues, including the brain.

Orthostatic hypotension can be a result of anemia, as the reduced oxygen supply can lead to a drop in blood pressure upon standing.

As individuals age, there are natural changes that occur within the body, including changes in the cardiovascular system. The blood vessels may become less flexible, and the heart may not pump as efficiently.

These age-related changes can increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension in older adults. Additionally, certain age-related conditions such as atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) and heart disease can further exacerbate the risk.

8. Alcohol consumption

Alcohol consumption can affect the body’s blood pressure regulation. Ingesting alcohol can lead to the dilation of blood vessels, resulting in a drop in blood pressure.

This effect may be more pronounced in individuals who regularly consume large amounts of alcohol. Chronic alcohol use can also damage the autonomic nervous system, thus increasing the risk of orthostatic hypotension.

9. Certain neurological conditions

Various neurological conditions can increase the risk of orthostatic hypotension.

Conditions such as multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, and peripheral neuropathy can affect the nerves responsible for blood pressure regulation, leading to a drop in blood pressure upon standing. These conditions may also result in impaired sensory feedback, making it more difficult for individuals to sense and react to postural changes.

10. Immobility

Prolonged immobility, such as long periods of bed rest or being confined to a wheelchair, can contribute to orthostatic hypotension.

When the body remains in a seated or lying position for extended periods, the circulatory system may not function optimally. This can lead to a decrease in blood volume and muscle tone, making it more challenging for the body to maintain stable blood pressure levels when transitioning to an upright position.