An overactive thyroid, also known as hyperthyroidism, is a condition where the thyroid gland produces too much thyroid hormone.

The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped organ located in the neck that produces hormones that regulate metabolism, the process by which the body converts food into energy. When the thyroid is overactive, the body’s metabolism speeds up, and this can cause a range of symptoms. Here, we’ll discuss the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for an overactive thyroid.

Causes of an Overactive Thyroid

Hyperthyroidism can be caused by a variety of factors, including:.

Graves’ disease: This is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, accounting for around 85% of cases. Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder in which the body produces antibodies that stimulate the thyroid gland to produce too much hormone.
Toxic nodular goiter: This is a condition in which one or more nodules in the thyroid gland become overactive and produce too much hormone.
Thyroiditis: This is inflammation of the thyroid gland, which can cause it to leak excess hormone into the bloodstream.
Excess iodine: In rare cases, consuming too much iodine (e.g. from supplements or certain types of medicine) can cause the thyroid gland to become overactive.

Symptoms of an Overactive Thyroid

The symptoms of an overactive thyroid can vary from person to person, but may include:.

Rapid heartbeat: The heart may beat faster than normal, causing palpitations.
Weight loss: Despite eating a normal or increased amount of food, weight loss may occur.
Increased appetite: An overactive thyroid can cause an increase in appetite, leading to overeating.
Nervousness: Hyperthyroidism can cause jitters or nervousness.
Irritability: A person with an overactive thyroid may be more irritable and easily agitated.
Tremors: Hyperthyroidism can cause shaking, especially in the hands.
Sweating: A person with an overactive thyroid may sweat more than usual.
Heat intolerance: Hyperthyroidism can cause a person to feel excessively hot, even in mild weather.
Menstrual changes: Women with hyperthyroidism may experience lighter or irregular menstrual cycles.
Exophthalmos: This is a condition where the eyes are pushed forward, giving a bulging appearance.

These symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may develop gradually or suddenly.

Diagnosing an Overactive Thyroid

An overactive thyroid can be diagnosed through a combination of physical examination, blood tests, and imaging tests. A doctor may perform a physical examination to check for bulging eyes, a rapid heartbeat, or a goiter (an enlarged thyroid gland).

Blood tests can measure levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) as well as thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is produced by the pituitary gland and controls the thyroid’s hormone production. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or a thyroid scan may also be used to evaluate the thyroid and any nodules or inflammation that may be present.

Treatment Options for an Overactive Thyroid

There are several treatment options available for an overactive thyroid, depending on the cause and severity of the condition.

Antithyroid medication: These medications, such as methimazole or propylthiouracil, work by blocking the thyroid gland’s production of hormone. They can be effective in managing hyperthyroidism, but may need to be taken for several years. Side effects may include rash, fever, joint pain, and liver problems.
Radioactive iodine: This is a treatment where a small amount of radioactive iodine is taken orally, which is absorbed by the thyroid gland and destroys some of the thyroid cells. This can reduce the production of hormone and help manage hyperthyroidism. Side effects may include swelling and pain in the neck, dry mouth, and sore throat.
Surgery: In some cases, surgery may be needed to remove part or all of the thyroid gland. This is usually reserved for cases where other treatments have not been effective, or when a nodule or tumor is present. Risks of surgery include damage to the vocal cords, parathyroid glands, and laryngeal nerves.

In addition to these treatments, there are also lifestyle changes that can help manage hyperthyroidism. These may include avoiding caffeine and other stimulants, reducing stress, getting enough rest, and eating a healthy, balanced diet.

Conclusion

An overactive thyroid can cause a range of symptoms that can significantly impact a person’s quality of life. If you are experiencing any of the symptoms mentioned above, it’s important to see a doctor.

With proper diagnosis and treatment, most people with hyperthyroidism can effectively manage their condition and improve their overall health.