Hiccups, also known as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF) or singultus, are common and typically not a cause for concern.

Hiccups are characterized by a sudden and involuntary contraction of the diaphragm, which can cause a sharp sound as the air rushes in the lungs. They can occur for various reasons, including consuming food too fast, drinking carbonated beverages, or experiencing emotional stress.

However, if hiccups persist for a long time, they can be a sign of an underlying condition that needs medical attention. In this article, we will explore the various diseases and medical conditions associated with persistent hiccoughs.

1. Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic digestive disorder in which stomach acid and contents regularly flow back up into the esophagus, causing irritation and inflammation.

GERD can cause persistent hiccups, which usually occur along with other symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation of food or liquid, and a sour or bitter taste in the mouth.

2. Central Nervous System Disorders

The central nervous system (CNS) controls the body’s movements, including those involved in breathing and hiccups.

Disorders of the CNS, such as meningitis, encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, and brain tumors, can affect the nerves involved in hiccupping, causing persistent hiccups.

3. Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic disorders are diseases that affect the body’s ability to process nutrients and energy.

Conditions such as hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, and hepatic encephalopathy can cause persistent hiccups as a symptom of their underlying metabolic dysfunction.

4. Medication Side-Effects

Some medications can cause hiccups as a side-effect, particularly those that affect the CNS. Examples include corticosteroids, antipsychotics, and antidepressants.

If hiccups occur shortly after starting a new medication, it’s essential to speak with a doctor about changing the medication or adjusting the dosage.

5. Oesophageal Cancer

Oesophageal cancer is a type of cancer that occurs in the cells lining the oesophagus, which is the tube that connects the throat to the stomach.

Oesophageal cancer can cause persistent hiccups along with other symptoms such as difficulty swallowing, chest pain, and unexplained weight loss.

6. Phrenic Nerve Injury

The phrenic nerve controls the diaphragm’s movement, and any damage to this nerve can cause persistent hiccups.

Phrenic nerve damage can result from various conditions such as spinal cord injury, thoracic surgery, and respiratory infections such as pneumonia.

7. Alcoholism

Alcohol consumption can cause hiccupping due to its effect on the diaphragm and CNS. Chronic alcoholism can lead to persistent hiccups and other complications such as liver disease, pancreatitis, and cancer.

8. Side-Effects of Surgical Procedures

Surgical procedures involving the thorax, abdomen, or neck can cause persistent hiccups as a complication. These surgical procedures include gastric bypass surgery, liver transplant surgery, and carotid endarterectomy.

9. Mental Health Disorders

Psychiatric or psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia can cause persistent hiccups as a symptom. These conditions can affect the CNS, leading to hiccups that are not related to other underlying medical conditions.

10. Cardiovascular Disorders

Cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction, pericarditis, and aortic dissection can cause persistent hiccups. These conditions can affect the surrounding nerves and tissues, leading to hiccups as a symptom.

If you experience persistent hiccups along with other symptoms, it’s essential to seek medical attention to rule out underlying medical conditions and receive proper treatment.