Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorders in children. It is characterized by symptoms such as hyperactivity, impulsivity and difficulty in sustaining attention.
According to a new study, preterm infants are more prone to ADHD diagnosis than babies born full term.
What is Preterm Birth?
Preterm birth happens when a baby is born before the 37th week of pregnancy. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 15 million babies are born premature every year, accounting for about 11% of all births worldwide.
Preterm birth is the leading cause of death among newborns and a major cause of long-term disability.
Link Between Preterm Birth and ADHD
A new study published in JAMA Pediatrics found that preterm birth was significantly associated with ADHD diagnosis. The study analyzed data from more than 1.5 million children born in Sweden over a 30 year period.
The results showed that babies born before 37 weeks of gestation had a 30% higher risk of being diagnosed with ADHD compared to babies born full-term.
Factors Contributing to Increased Risk of ADHD
There are several factors that may contribute to the link between preterm birth and ADHD.
For instance, preterm babies are more likely to experience complications such as respiratory distress syndrome, infection, and bleeding in the brain, which can affect brain development and result in long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences. Moreover, preterm birth may interfere with the normal development of important brain areas responsible for executive functions such as the ability to plan, organize and control impulses, which are commonly affected in children with ADHD.
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ADHD More Likely in Premature Infants
Prevention of Preterm Birth
The prevention of preterm birth is crucial in reducing the risk of ADHD and other long-term complications. While some preterm births are unavoidable, there are several measures that pregnant women can take to lower their risk of preterm labor.
These include:.
- Quitting smoking and avoiding alcohol and illicit drugs
- Eating a healthy diet
- Getting regular prenatal care
- Controlling chronic conditions such as diabetes and high blood pressure
- Avoiding certain medications that may increase the risk of preterm labor
Treatment of ADHD in Preterm Children
Early detection and treatment of ADHD is crucial in minimizing the impact of the disorder on a child’s long-term outcomes, especially for those born preterm.
The most effective treatment for ADHD usually involves a combination of medication, behavioral therapy, and environmental modifications. Medications such as stimulants and non-stimulants are commonly used to manage the symptoms of ADHD.
Behavioral Interventions for ADHD
Behavioral interventions are an essential part of managing ADHD in preterm children.
The goal of behavioral therapy is to help children develop appropriate social and communication skills, enhance academic and family functioning, and improve emotional regulation. Behavioral interventions are typically delivered by a trained therapist and may include:.
- Parent training and education
- Social skills training
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Organizational skills training
- School-based interventions
Conclusion
Preterm infants are more prone to ADHD diagnosis than full-term babies. The risk of ADHD is even higher in babies born extremely preterm.
Preterm babies are more likely to experience complications such as infection and bleeding in the brain, which can affect brain development and cause long-term cognitive and behavioral consequences. Early detection and treatment of ADHD is crucial in managing the disorder and minimizing its impact on a child’s outcomes. Pregnant women can take steps to prevent preterm labor by avoiding risk factors and getting regular prenatal care.
