Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.

It affects millions of people worldwide and can lead to various complications if not properly managed. At SM Medical Center, we understand the importance of educating our patients about diabetes mellitus, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and prevention strategies.

In this guide, we aim to provide comprehensive information about diabetes mellitus to help individuals better understand and manage this condition.

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus can be classified into several types:.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or juvenile-onset diabetes, is characterized by the body’s inability to produce insulin. It is usually diagnosed in children and young adults.

Individuals with type 1 diabetes require insulin injections to regulate their blood sugar levels.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes, also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or adult-onset diabetes, is the most common type of diabetes.

It occurs when the body becomes resistant to insulin or fails to produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes can often be managed through a combination of lifestyle modifications, oral medications, and, in some cases, insulin therapy.

Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and usually resolves after giving birth. It is characterized by high blood sugar levels that can pose risks to both the mother and the baby.

Managing gestational diabetes is crucial to ensure a healthy pregnancy and prevent complications.

Causes of Diabetes Mellitus

While the exact causes of diabetes mellitus are not fully understood, several factors contribute to its development:.

Genetic Factors

A family history of diabetes increases the risk of developing the condition. Certain genes play a role in predisposing individuals to diabetes mellitus.

Obesity

Being overweight or obese is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Excess body fat can contribute to insulin resistance, leading to elevated blood sugar levels.

Insulin Resistance

In type 2 diabetes, the body’s cells become less responsive to insulin, impairing its ability to transport glucose into cells. This leads to increased blood sugar levels.

Poor Lifestyle Choices

An unhealthy diet, sedentary lifestyle, and smoking can increase the risk of developing diabetes mellitus. These lifestyle choices contribute to weight gain, insulin resistance, and other metabolic imbalances.

Symptoms of Diabetes Mellitus

The symptoms of diabetes mellitus may vary depending on the type and severity of the condition. Common symptoms include:.

Frequent Urination

Individuals with diabetes may experience frequent urination as the body tries to eliminate excess sugar through urine.

Excessive Thirst

Increased urination can lead to dehydration, causing individuals with diabetes to feel excessively thirsty.

Unexplained Weight Loss

Unintentional weight loss may occur in individuals with diabetes, especially those with type 1 diabetes. The body breaks down fat and muscle for energy due to insufficient insulin.

Fatigue

Chronic fatigue and lack of energy are common symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Blurred Vision

Elevated blood sugar levels can affect the lenses in the eyes, leading to blurred vision.

Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed through various tests, including:.

Fasting Blood Sugar Test

This test measures blood sugar levels after fasting for at least eight hours. A blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL or higher indicates diabetes.

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test

During this test, blood sugar levels are measured before and two hours after consuming a sugary drink. A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher after two hours indicates diabetes.

Hemoglobin A1c Test

The hemoglobin A1c test measures the average blood sugar levels over the past two to three months. An A1c level of 6.5% or higher is indicative of diabetes.

Treatment and Management of Diabetes Mellitus

The primary goals of treating and managing diabetes mellitus include:.

Blood Sugar Control

Maintaining blood sugar levels within target ranges is essential to prevent complications. This can be achieved through a combination of medication, insulin therapy, diet, exercise, and self-monitoring.

Healthy Eating

A well-balanced diet rich in whole grains, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats can help manage blood sugar levels and maintain overall health.

Regular Physical Activity

Engaging in regular exercise not only helps control blood sugar levels but also aids in weight management, improves cardiovascular health, and enhances overall well-being.

Medication and Insulin Therapy

Depending on the type and severity of diabetes, medications or insulin therapy may be prescribed to help regulate blood sugar levels.

Monitoring Blood Sugar

Self-monitoring of blood sugar levels through glucose meters is essential for individuals with diabetes. This helps adjust treatment plans and identify any potential complications.

Prevention of Diabetes Mellitus

While certain risk factors for diabetes mellitus, such as genetics, cannot be controlled, several strategies can help reduce the risk:.

Maintain a Healthy Weight

Losing excess weight and adopting a healthy lifestyle can significantly reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

Eat a Balanced Diet

Avoiding sugary foods and beverages, limiting processed foods, and focusing on a nutrient-rich diet can promote optimal health and reduce the risk of diabetes.

Engage in Regular Exercise

Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, improves insulin sensitivity, and reduces the risk of developing diabetes.

Avoid Smoking and Excessive Alcohol Consumption

Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption increase the risk of various health conditions, including diabetes mellitus. Quitting smoking and moderating alcohol intake can have significant health benefits.