Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the cervix is the second most common type of cervical cancer after adenocarcinoma. Cervical SCC arises from the squamous cells lining the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina.
In this article, we will discuss the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix.
Causes
The main cause of cervical SCC is infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). HPV is a common sexually transmitted infection that can infect the cells of the cervix and cause them to become cancerous.
Other factors that increase the risk of developing cervical cancer include:.
- Smoking
- Having a weakened immune system
- Long-term use of birth control pills
- Having multiple sexual partners
- Having first sexual intercourse at a young age
Symptoms
In the early stages, cervical SCC may not cause any symptoms. As the cancer grows, symptoms may include:.
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- Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding after sex or between periods
- Pain during sex
- Pelvic pain
- Increased vaginal discharge
Diagnosis
The following tests may be used to diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix:.
- Pap test: A Pap test is a screening test that can detect abnormal cells in the cervix. If abnormal cells are found, further testing may be needed.
- Colposcopy: A colposcopy is a procedure in which a doctor uses a colposcope to examine the cervix. The colposcope is a special type of microscope that allows the doctor to see any abnormal areas on the cervix.
- Biopsy: If an abnormal area is found during a colposcopy, a biopsy may be done to remove a small sample of tissue for testing.
- Imaging tests: Imaging tests such as MRI, CT or PET scans may be used to determine if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Treatment
The treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix depends on the stage of the cancer. The following treatments may be used:.
- Surgery: Surgery may be used to remove the cancerous cells from the cervix. In more advanced cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may be needed.
- Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy.
- Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It may be used alone or in combination with radiation therapy.
Prevention
The following measures may help reduce the risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix:.
- Get vaccinated against HPV
- Practice safe sex
- Stop smoking
- Limit the number of sexual partners
- Get regular Pap tests
Conclusion
Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix is a common form of cervical cancer that can be caused by HPV infection. Early detection and treatment are key to successful outcomes.
Women can reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer by practicing good sexual health habits and getting regular Pap tests.
