Hypnotics are medications used to induce sleep or aid in sleep continuation. Despite its common usage, hypnotics have been linked as a potential factor contributing to the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.

Alzheimer’s disease is a complicated neurological condition that adversely affects cognitive function and behavior, leading to a decline in social, occupational, and other daily activities.

What are Hypnotics?

Hypnotics are medications used as a short-term solution for sleep disorders like insomnia. They help to induce sleep, shorten the time spent in bed, and prevent waking up in the middle of the night.

Hypnotics include a wide range of medications like benzodiazepines, barbiturates, z-drugs, and antidepressants. The type of hypnotic medication provided to patients depends on the severity of their sleep disturbance.

What is Alzheimer’s Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate and eventually die. It is the leading cause of dementia, which is a decline in cognitive function, memory, thinking, and language.

The disease symptoms include disorientation, confusion, irritability, and aggression, among others. It is an irreversible condition with no cure or treatment. As Alzheimer’s disease progresses, the patient’s independence and daily activities become affected.

How are Hypnotics Linked to Alzheimer’s Disease?

Studies conducted over the years have linked the use of hypnotics to the development of Alzheimer’s disease.

These medications disrupt the natural equilibrium of certain brain chemicals like gamma-aminobutyric acid or GABA, which help in inhibiting stimulation in the brain. Hypnotics especially benzodiazepines have been found to alter the natural sleep-wake cycle of the brain and promote deep sleep.

However, deep sleep is essential for the brain to flush out toxins and beta-amyloid proteins that accumulate and lead to Alzheimer’s disease.

The Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Associated with Hypnotics

The long-term use of hypnotics like benzodiazepines has been linked to the increased risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.

The metabolites and breakdown products produced by these medications can persist in the body for a long time and interfere with the brain’s chemical balance. The United Kingdom government’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) has issued warnings on the use of benzodiazepines in the older population.

They recommend that the medication be used only in severe cases for a limited time and at the lowest effective dose possible.

Drug Interaction between Hypnotics and Alzheimer’s Medications

Patients already diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease may be on medication to improve their condition. These medications may include cholinesterase inhibitors and/or N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonists.

However, the use of hypnotics in these patients may interfere with the effectiveness of their medication. Benzodiazepines, for instance, have sedative effects that may decrease alertness and cognition, rendering Alzheimer’s disease medication less effective.

This drug interaction may lead to complications, including falls, confusion, and worsening of symptoms.

Alternative Solutions for Sleep Disorders in Alzheimer’s Patients

There are alternative solutions for sleep problems in Alzheimer’s patients that do not involve hypnotics.

These include the introduction of a sleep routine, creating a calm and quiet sleeping environment, dimming the lights, using relaxation therapy, and reviewing and adjusting the patient’s medication. Patients and their families or caregivers must consult a doctor before making any adjustments.

Conclusion

The use of hypnotics as a short-term solution for sleep disorders such as insomnia is common.

Sleep disturbances can be a common symptom of Alzheimer’s disease, but the use of hypnotics in these patients can worsen their cognitive function, leading to complications. It is essential to explore alternative options for sleep disturbance treatment for Alzheimer’s patients that do not interfere with their medication or cognitive function.