Heart attack, also called myocardial infarction is a severe cardiovascular emergency that can be lethal if not treated on time. It happens when blood flow to a part of the heart is blocked, usually due to coronary artery disease (CAD).

CAD is a condition characterized by plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the heart, causing them to narrow and harden. Lifestyle factors such as overweight, smoking, unhealthy eating habits, and lack of exercise play a significant role in CAD development.

However, there is also a genetic element that contributes to heart attack incidence. Recent studies have shown that having a family history of heart disease increases the risk of CAD and myocardial infarction.

In this article, we’ll explore the role of genes in heart attack incidence and how to prevent it.

Genes and heart attack incidence

Genes are the units that code for proteins responsible for various functions in the body. In the case of CAD, certain genes interfere with the metabolism of fats, cholesterol, and other substances that contribute to the formation of arterial plaque.

There are different genetic variations that can increase the risk of CAD, such as:.

Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) gene mutations: This gene is responsible for removing cholesterol from the blood. Mutations can cause high levels of LDL, the unhealthy cholesterol that can deposit in heart arteries.
Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene variants: This gene codes for a protein that transfers cholesterol between lipoproteins. Variations can lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL), the healthy cholesterol that helps eliminate LDL from the body.
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene polymorphisms: This gene is involved in lipid metabolism, and specific variants increase cholesterol and triglyceride levels, favoring atherosclerosis.
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene mutations: This gene regulates the metabolism of homocysteine, an amino acid that, in excessive amounts, can damage arteries’ inner lining.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) gene polymorphisms: This gene codes for an anti-inflammatory protein that can directly act on the heart muscle. Variations can impair this protective mechanism, triggering cardiac damage underlying myocardial infarction.

It is important to highlight that genetic variants do not necessarily lead to heart attack, as other factors interact with them and modify the final outcome.

Preventive measures for heart attack

Preventing heart attack and CAD, in general, involves a multifactorial approach, including changes in lifestyle, medical management, and monitoring. Here are some recommendations:.

Eat a healthy diet consisting of fruits, vegetables, nuts, whole grains, and lean meats. Avoid saturated and trans fats, added sugars, and salt.
Exercise regularly according to age and fitness level. Brisk walking, cycling, swimming, and strength training are excellent activities.
Quit smoking and avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.
Maintain a healthy weight, body mass index (BMI) of 20-25, and waist circumference less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men.
Control blood pressure, blood sugar, and blood cholesterol levels with medication as prescribed by a physician. Monitoring these parameters regularly can prevent complications, such as heart attack and stroke.
Reduce stress through relaxation techniques, such as yoga, meditation, tai chi, and deep breathing.

Conclusion

Heart attack is a severe medical condition that requires immediate attention. Although lifestyle factors play a significant role in CAD development, genetic variants can also contribute to heart attack incidence.

Knowing the inherited traits and taking preventive measures can reduce the likelihood of cardiovascular events. It is vital to adopt healthy habits, follow up with a healthcare provider, and undergo risk assessment for early detection. By acting on modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors, we can keep our hearts healthy and prevent heart attack complications.