Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder that is characterized by interruptions in breathing during sleep.

These interruptions, called apneas, can lead to disruptions in sleep and a host of negative health consequences, including increased risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and diabetes. While there are many factors that contribute to the development of OSA, the following are some of the most commonly cited causes.

Obesity

Obesity is one of the most significant risk factors for developing obstructive sleep apnea. This is because excess weight can cause the tissues in the throat to become thicker and more rigid, making it more difficult for air to pass through.

Furthermore, as people gain weight, the amount of fat around the neck and upper airway increases, leading to further airway blockages.

Smoking

Smoking is another significant factor in the development of OSA. This is because smoking can cause inflammation and irritation in the airway, leading to increased narrowing and blockages.

Furthermore, smoking can also contribute to weight gain, which can exacerbate existing sleep apnea symptoms.

Alcohol and Sedative Use

Alcohol and sedative use can also contribute to the development of OSA by relaxing the muscles in the throat and increasing the likelihood of airway obstruction.

This is because these substances can cause the muscles in the upper airway to lose tone, which makes them more prone to collapsing during sleep.

Narrow Airway

Some people are born with a narrower airway than others, which can increase their risk of developing OSA.

This is because a narrower airway makes it more difficult for air to pass through, which can increase the risk of blockages and interruptions in breathing.

Hormonal Imbalances

Hormonal imbalances can also contribute to the development of sleep apnea. For instance, low levels of testosterone in men have been associated with an increased risk of developing OSA.

Similarly, menopause and other hormonal changes can also contribute to the development of sleep apnea in women.

Age

As people age, the muscles in the throat and tongue naturally lose tone, which can increase the risk of airway obstruction during sleep. In addition to this, aging also increases the risk of obesity, which is itself a significant risk factor for OSA.

Genetic Predisposition

Some people are simply more genetically predisposed to developing OSA than others.

This is because certain genetic traits can lead to abnormalities in the way that the upper airway functions, leading to an increased likelihood of blockages and interruptions in breathing.

Nasal Congestion

Nasal congestion can also contribute to the development of OSA.

This is because congestion in the nasal passages can make it more difficult for air to pass through, leading to increased strain on the upper airway and an increased likelihood of blockages.

Tonsils and Adenoids

In some cases, OSA can be caused by enlarged tonsils and adenoids. This is particularly common in children, but it can also occur in adults.

When the tonsils and adenoids become enlarged, they can block the airway during sleep, leading to interruptions in breathing.

Craniofacial Abnormalities

Certain craniofacial abnormalities can also increase the risk of developing OSA.

For instance, people with smaller or recessed jaws may be more likely to develop sleep apnea because the reduced skeletal support in the jaw area can lead to increased pressure on the upper airway.