Thrombocytopenia is a condition that is characterized by a lower than normal level of platelets in the blood. Platelets are blood cells that play a crucial role in blood clotting, which is important to prevent excessive bleeding.

There are several diseases that are linked to low platelet levels. In this article, we will discuss some of the most common diseases that cause thrombocytopenia.

Immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia, also known as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), is an autoimmune disorder that leads to the destruction of platelets by the immune system. This can result in a low platelet count and a higher risk of bleeding.

The cause of ITP is not completely understood, but it is believed to be caused by a malfunctioning immune system that attacks healthy cells in the body. ITP can occur in both children and adults, and symptoms can include petechiae, bruising, and bleeding gums.

Viral infections

Several viruses can cause thrombocytopenia by affecting the production and lifespan of platelets. Some of the most common viruses that can cause thrombocytopenia include dengue, Zika, and HIV.

These viruses can cause damage to the bone marrow, where platelets are produced, or directly attack platelets themselves. In addition to a low platelet count, symptoms of viral-induced thrombocytopenia can include fever, rash, and joint pain.

Bacterial infections

Similar to viral infections, bacterial infections can also cause thrombocytopenia by affecting the production and function of platelets.

Some bacterial infections that are commonly linked to thrombocytopenia include sepsis, endocarditis, and rocky mountain spotted fever. These infections can cause damage to the bone marrow or directly attack platelets, leading to a low platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding.

Medication-induced thrombocytopenia

Some medications can cause thrombocytopenia as a side effect. These medications can include chemotherapy drugs, anticoagulants, and antibiotics.

Medication-induced thrombocytopenia is typically dose-dependent and occurs most commonly in people who are on long-term medication regimens. Symptoms of medication-induced thrombocytopenia may include petechiae, bruising, and easy bleeding.

Liver disease

Liver disease can lead to a decrease in platelet production and/or an increased rate of platelet destruction, leading to thrombocytopenia.

Some liver diseases that are commonly associated with low platelet counts include cirrhosis, hepatitis C, and liver cancer. Other symptoms of liver disease may include jaundice, abdominal pain, and fatigue.

Bone marrow disorders

Bone marrow disorders can cause thrombocytopenia by affecting the production and lifespan of platelets. Conditions like leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and aplastic anemia can all lead to a lower than normal platelet count.

These conditions can also cause other symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and increased infections.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is a rare but serious complication of heparin therapy. This condition occurs when antibodies form against heparin and platelets, leading to a decrease in platelet count and an increased risk of blood clots.

Symptoms of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia may include sudden onset of thrombosis, skin lesions, and gangrene.

Thrombocytopenia is relatively common during pregnancy, affecting up to 8% of pregnant women. Pregnancy-related thrombocytopenia is typically mild and resolves on its own after delivery.

This condition is thought to be caused by an increase in blood volume during pregnancy and an increased rate of platelet destruction. Symptoms of pregnancy-related thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, nosebleeds, and bleeding gums.

Cancer-related thrombocytopenia is often caused by chemotherapy or radiation therapy, which can damage the bone marrow and decrease platelet production.

Additionally, some cancers like leukemia and lymphoma can directly affect platelet production and lifespan. Symptoms of cancer-related thrombocytopenia may include easy bruising, petechiae, and heavy menstrual bleeding.

Summary

Thrombocytopenia is a condition that can be caused by a variety of factors, including immune disorders, infections, medications, and bone marrow disorders.

If you are experiencing symptoms of thrombocytopenia, it is important to see your healthcare provider for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment.