Stage 1 heart failure, also known as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), is characterized by a normal heart pumping action. At this stage, patients usually do not experience any noticeable symptoms related to heart failure.

However, there may be underlying conditions or risk factors that could lead to the development of heart failure. Common comorbidities include hypertension (high blood pressure), diabetes, obesity, and coronary artery disease.

Stage 2 Heart Failure: Mild Symptoms

In stage 2 heart failure, patients begin to experience mild symptoms that could indicate the presence of heart failure. These symptoms are often not severe enough to significantly impact daily activities but may still require medical attention.

Some of the common concomitant symptoms at this stage include:.

Shortness of breath: Patients may experience breathlessness, especially during physical activity or when lying down flat. This symptom is known as dyspnea and is caused by fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Fatigue: Patients may feel tired or exhausted easily, even with minimal exertion. This can be attributed to the heart’s inability to pump blood efficiently and supply oxygen to the body.
Mild swelling: Edema, or swelling, is often observed in the ankles, feet, and legs. This occurs due to fluid retention caused by the heart’s reduced pumping efficiency.
Decreased exercise tolerance: Patients may notice a decline in their ability to engage in physical activities or exercise due to their heart’s reduced capacity.
Increased heart rate: As the heart tries to compensate for its reduced pumping ability, the heart rate may increase and become irregular.

Stage 3 Heart Failure: Moderate Symptoms

Stage 3 heart failure is characterized by the onset of moderate symptoms that significantly impact a patient’s daily life. At this stage, medical intervention and management become crucial to improve the quality of life.

Some of the common concomitant symptoms at this stage include:.

Severe shortness of breath: Patients may experience difficulty breathing, even at rest. This can be accompanied by wheezing or coughing, which worsens at night or when lying down.
Persistent fatigue: Patients may feel constant fatigue and weakness, limiting their ability to perform routine activities.
Increased swelling: Edema may worsen, affecting the abdomen and causing distention. Swelling may also occur in the hands and face.
Significant weight gain: Fluid retention can lead to rapid weight gain. Patients may notice a sudden increase in body weight over a short period.
Digestive issues: Patients may experience loss of appetite, nausea, or abdominal discomfort. These symptoms can be attributed to congestion in the liver and intestines.
Mental confusion: In some cases, heart failure can lead to impaired cognitive function, confusion, and memory problems. This is often referred to as “cardiac encephalopathy.”

Stage 4 Heart Failure: Severe Symptoms

Stage 4 heart failure, also known as end-stage heart failure, is the most advanced stage. At this point, patients experience severe symptoms that greatly impact their quality of life and require intensive medical support.

Some of the common concomitant symptoms at this stage include:.