In vitro fertilization, or IVF, is a type of assisted reproductive technology in which a woman’s eggs are fertilized outside her body in a laboratory. It is a complex procedure that is often accompanied by follow-up therapies and monitoring.
A variety of medications are used during IVF to stimulate egg production, prepare the uterus for implantation, and support the developing embryo.
1. Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Agonists
GnRH agonists are synthetic hormones that suppress the natural pituitary gland’s production of luteinizing hormone (Lh) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which stimulate egg production.
By controlling these hormones, the IVF team can better control the timing of the egg retrieval.
The most common GnRH agonist used in IVF is leuprolide acetate, which is administered as a daily injection. After approximately two weeks of leuprolide acetate injections, ovarian stimulation can begin.
Some common brand names for GnRH agonists include Lupron, Synarel, and Zoladex.
2. Gonadotropins
Gonadotropins are injectable fertility drugs that mimic the actions of the LH and FSH hormones that naturally stimulate the ovaries to produce eggs.
In IVF treatment, gonadotropins are used to encourage the ovaries to produce multiple mature eggs, which can then be collected through a minor surgical procedure.
The most commonly used gonadotropins in IVF treatment include follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). They are often used in combination with GnRH agonists to control the timing of ovulation and increase fertility.
Some examples of gonadotrophins that may be prescribed to a patient include Gonal-F, Bravelle, and Menopur.
3. Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG)
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) is a hormone that is often used in IVF treatment to help trigger ovulation and prepare the body for pregnancy. The medication is typically given as a single injection at a carefully timed point in the cycle.
Just like LH, hCG signals the ovaries to release mature eggs. This timing typically corresponds with the planned egg retrieval procedure.
4. Progesterone Supplements
Progesterone is a hormone that is essential for the successful implantation and development of a fertilized egg.
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In IVF treatment, progesterone supplements are often given to prepare the uterine lining for implantation and support early embryo development. These supplements come in the form of intramuscular injections, vaginal suppositories, or as oral pills.
5. Estrogen Supplements
Estrogen is another hormone that is essential for the development of healthy reproductive tissues.
In IVF treatment, estrogen supplements are often given during the early stages of the menstrual cycle to help thicken the endometrial lining of the uterus. This helps to create a more supportive environment for the fertilized egg to implant and grow. Some commonly prescribed estrogen supplements include Estrace, Vivelle Dot, and Climara.
6. Antibiotics
Antibiotics are typically prescribed during IVF treatment to help prevent infections. They may be given before or after the egg retrieval procedure to reduce the risk of infections that can impact fertility.
7. Corticosteroids
Corticosteroids are a type of steroid medication that is often prescribed to suppress the immune system during IVF treatment.
They may be used in cases where the immune system is attacking the developing embryo or in cases where there is a risk of miscarriage due to an autoimmune condition. Examples of corticosteroids used during IVF treatment include prednisone and dexamethasone.
8. Intralipid Infusions
Intralipid infusions are a type of treatment that is sometimes used to help improve the success of IVF treatment. The treatment involves an intravenous infusion of a solution that contains soybean oil, egg yolk, glycerin, and water.
It is thought to help balance the body’s immune response, thereby improving the odds of a successful implantation.
9. Blood Thinners
Blood thinners, also known as anticoagulants, may be prescribed during IVF treatment to help improve blood flow to the uterus. Improved blood flow is thought to improve the odds of a successful implantation.
10. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may be prescribed during IVF treatment to help control mild pain and inflammation.
They can also help to reduce the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS), which can occur as a result of taking fertility medications. Examples of NSAIDs that may be prescribed during IVF treatment include ibuprofen and naproxen.
The Bottom Line
IVF treatment is a complex process that involves a variety of different medications. These medications are used to stimulate egg production, support embryo development, and prepare the uterus for implantation.
By working with a qualified IVF team, patients can gain a better understanding of the medications they will be taking and how they will impact their fertility treatment.
