Premature birth is one of the leading causes of infant mortality worldwide. Approximately 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, according to the World Health Organization (WHO).

Preterm birth is classified as any birth that occurs before the 37th week of gestation. The earlier a baby is born, the higher the risk of complications and mortality. However, advances in medical technology have improved the chances of survival for premature infants in recent years.

In this article, we will explore the likelihood of survival for premature infants and the factors that affect their outcomes.

Factors that Affect Premature Infant Survival Rates

Several factors can impact the survival rates for premature infants, including:.

1. Gestational Age

The gestational age at which a baby is born is one of the main factors that affect their chances of survival. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, babies born between 22 and 27 weeks of gestation are considered extremely preterm.

Their survival rates are lower than those of babies born between 28 and 31 weeks, who are considered very preterm, and babies born between 32 and 36 weeks, who are considered late preterm.

2. Birth Weight

The birth weight of a premature infant is another important factor that affects their chances of survival. Babies who are born at a low birth weight, which is typically less than 5.5 pounds, are at higher risk of complications and mortality.

However, even babies with a normal birth weight who are born prematurely may be at risk for problems.

3. Sex

The sex of the baby can also impact their likelihood of survival. Female premature infants may have slightly higher survival rates than males.

However, male infants may be more likely to experience certain complications, such as respiratory distress syndrome.

4. Multiple Births

Babies who are born as part of a multiple birth, such as twins or triplets, are at higher risk for complications and mortality than singletons. This may be due to factors such as prematurity and low birth weight.

5. Maternal Health

The health of the mother can also impact the survival rates of premature infants. Certain medical conditions, such as preeclampsia, can increase the risk of premature birth and infant mortality.

In addition, drug use, smoking, and poor nutrition during pregnancy can also contribute to preterm birth and negative outcomes for the infant.

Survival Rates for Premature Infants

The survival rates for premature infants have improved in recent years, thanks to advances in medical technology and neonatal care. According to the WHO, the average survival rates for preterm infants born in high-income countries are as follows:.

Babies Born at 22 Weeks

Only a few decades ago, babies born at 22 weeks were considered non-viable. Today, many neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) will provide care for babies born at this gestational age, although their chances of survival are still relatively low.

According to a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in 2015, the survival rate for babies born at 22 weeks was approximately 5%, with a very high risk of serious complications such as blindness, deafness, or cerebral palsy.

Babies Born at 23 Weeks

The survival rates for babies born at 23 weeks are slightly higher than those born at 22 weeks but remain low. The same study found that the survival rate for babies born at 23 weeks was around 26%, with a high risk of complications.

Babies Born at 24 Weeks

The viability of babies born at 24 weeks is still a topic of debate among medical professionals. However, many NICUs will provide intensive care for infants born at this gestational age.

The survival rate for babies born at 24 weeks is approximately 50%, but many of these infants may face long-term health complications such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, or developmental delays.

Babies Born at 25-31 Weeks

The survival rates for babies born between 25 and 31 weeks are much higher than those born at earlier gestational ages.

According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, babies born at 25 weeks have a survival rate of approximately 80%, while those born at 31 weeks have a survival rate of over 95%. However, even infants who survive may face long-term health complications such as intellectual or developmental disabilities.

Babies Born at 32-36 Weeks

Babies born between 32 and 36 weeks are considered late preterm. Their survival rates are much higher than those born earlier but may still be at increased risk for complications.

The survival rate for babies born at 32 weeks is approximately 98%, while those born at 36 weeks have a survival rate of nearly 100%.

Babies Born at 37 Weeks or Later

Babies born at 37 weeks or later are considered full-term and have the lowest risk of complications and mortality. According to the CDC, the infant mortality rate for full-term babies in the US is less than 1%.

NICU Care for Premature Infants

Premature infants who require NICU care are often placed in a specialized unit where they can receive around-the-clock medical attention. Some of the treatments and technologies used in the NICU may include:.

1. Oxygen Therapy

Premature infants often require oxygen therapy to help them breathe. This may involve the placement of a small plastic tube in the baby’s nose or mouth, or the use of a ventilator to deliver air directly into the lungs.

However, excessive oxygen treatment can cause blindness in premature babies, so it’s important to monitor oxygen levels closely.

2. Nutritional Support

Premature infants may not be able to feed on their own initially, so they may receive nourishment through an IV or feeding tube. Over time, they may be gradually introduced to breast milk or formula.

Nutritional support is essential for growth and development.

3. Medications

Premature infants may receive medications to help prevent or treat various conditions, such as infections, anemia, or breathing difficulties. These medications can include antibiotics, blood transfusions, or steroids.

4. Monitoring

Neonatal care providers closely monitor premature infants for signs of complications or distress. They may perform frequent blood tests, ultrasounds, or other diagnostic tests to ensure the baby is getting the care they need.

Conclusion

The survival rates for premature infants have improved in recent years, thanks to advances in medical technology and neonatal care.

However, premature birth remains a major public health concern, and more research is needed to improve outcomes for these vulnerable babies. By understanding the factors that affect prematurity and survival rates, medical professionals can work to reduce the risk of complications and promote positive health outcomes for premature infants.