Hyponatraemia is a medical condition that occurs when the level of sodium in the blood falls below 135 mmol/L. It is a potentially life-threatening condition that can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even coma if left untreated.

While hyponatraemia can occur in a variety of situations, including in athletes who drink excessive amounts of water, it can also be a sign of an underlying medical condition.

Types of Hyponatraemia

There are two types of hyponatraemia: hypovolemic and euvolemic. Hypovolemic hyponatraemia is caused by a loss of fluid from the body, which can occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or excessive sweating.

Euvolemic hyponatraemia occurs when there is excess water in the body, but the overall volume of fluid is normal. This type of hyponatraemia can be caused by medications, such as diuretics, or by medical conditions, such as heart failure or liver disease.

Symptoms of Hyponatraemia

The symptoms of hyponatraemia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Mild hyponatraemia may not cause any symptoms, while severe hyponatraemia can be life-threatening. Common symptoms of hyponatraemia include:.

Nausea and vomiting
Headache
Confusion and disorientation
Seizures
Coma

When is Hyponatraemia a Medical Emergency?

Hyponatraemia is considered a medical emergency when the level of sodium in the blood falls below 125 mmol/L. At this level, there is a high risk of seizures, brain damage, and even coma.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyponatraemia, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

Diagnosis of Hyponatraemia

To diagnose hyponatraemia, a healthcare provider will perform a physical exam and order blood tests to measure the level of sodium in the blood.

Other tests, such as a urine test or an MRI of the brain, may also be ordered to determine the underlying cause of the hyponatraemia.

Treatment of Hyponatraemia

The treatment for hyponatraemia will depend on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. In mild cases, treatment may involve simply reducing fluid intake.

In more severe cases, treatment may involve intravenous fluids and medications, such as hypertonic saline, to raise the level of sodium in the blood. It is important to seek prompt medical attention if you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyponatraemia.

Prevention of Hyponatraemia

Hyponatraemia can be prevented by avoiding excessive water intake, particularly in situations where dehydration is not a concern, such as during prolonged exercise.

It is also important to manage any medical conditions that can cause hyponatraemia, such as heart failure or liver disease.

Conclusion

Hyponatraemia is a serious medical condition that can lead to seizures, brain damage, and even coma if left untreated. If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of hyponatraemia, it is important to seek medical attention immediately.

With prompt diagnosis and treatment, most cases of hyponatraemia can be successfully managed.