Adenocarcinoma is a cancer that develops in the glandular cells lining the interior of organs. It is the most common type of lung cancer, but it can also affect many other organs, including the prostate, pancreas, and colon.

The most effective way to treat adenocarcinoma is with surgery, but the technique used can vary depending on the location, stage, and size of the tumor.

1. Thoracotomy

Thoracotomy is the traditional technique used to remove lung tumors. The surgeon makes a large incision in the chest, spreads the ribs apart, and removes a lobe or the entire lung.

This approach is effective for larger tumors but is also associated with a higher risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, and prolonged recovery.

2. Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS)

VATS is a minimally invasive surgery that can remove smaller tumors than thoracotomy. The surgeon makes a few small incisions in the chest and inserts a video camera and specialized instruments to visualize and remove the tumor.

VATS is associated with less pain, blood loss, and recovery time than thoracotomy, but it may not be suitable for larger or more complex tumors.

3. Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery is another minimally invasive technique that uses a robotic system to control surgical instruments inserted through small incisions in the body.

The surgeon sits at a console and manipulates the instruments using a 3D display of the surgical field. This technique allows for greater precision, dexterity, and visualization compared to VATS and may be suitable for some larger or more complex tumors.

4. Laparotomy

Laparotomy is the traditional technique used to remove tumors in the abdomen or pelvis, such as in the colon or ovaries. The surgeon makes a large incision in the abdomen and removes the tumor along with nearby lymph nodes or organs, if necessary.

This approach is effective for larger tumors but is also associated with a higher risk of complications, such as bleeding, infection, and prolonged recovery.

5. Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a minimally invasive surgery that can remove smaller tumors in the abdomen or pelvis. The surgeon makes a few small incisions in the abdomen and inserts a laparoscope and specialized instruments to visualize and remove the tumor.

Laparoscopy is associated with less pain, blood loss, and recovery time than laparotomy, but it may not be suitable for larger or more complex tumors.

6. Robotic Surgery

Robotic surgery can also be used for tumors in the abdomen or pelvis. The technique is similar to robotic surgery for lung tumors, with the surgeon sitting at a console and manipulating the instruments using a 3D display of the surgical field.

Robotic surgery may be suitable for some larger or more complex tumors in the abdomen or pelvis.

7. Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)

EMR is a minimally invasive technique that can remove small tumors in the lining of the digestive tract, such as in the esophagus, stomach, or colon.

The surgeon inserts an endoscope with specialized instruments into the digestive tract and removes the tumor. EMR is associated with less pain, blood loss, and recovery time than traditional surgery but may not be suitable for larger or more invasive tumors.

8. Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD)

ESD is a more advanced form of EMR that can remove larger and more invasive tumors from the digestive tract. The surgeon uses specialized instruments to dissect the tumor from the surrounding tissue layer by layer.

ESD is associated with a higher risk of complications than EMR, such as perforation or bleeding, but it can provide a curative outcome for some early-stage cancers.

9. Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM)

TEM is a minimally invasive technique that can remove tumors in the rectum. The surgeon inserts an endoscope and specialized instruments through the anus and removes the tumor.

TEM is associated with less pain, blood loss, and recovery time than traditional surgery but may not be suitable for larger or more invasive tumors.

10. Laparoscopic or Robotic Rectal Resection

If the tumor in the rectum is larger or more invasive, surgery may be necessary to remove part of or the entire rectum.

Laparoscopic or robotic rectal resection is a minimally invasive technique that uses several small incisions in the abdomen to remove the rectum and reconnect the remaining bowel. This technique is associated with less pain, blood loss, and recovery time than traditional rectal resection but requires specialized training and experience.