Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the name of a group of viruses that can cause different types of infections. These viruses are so common that almost everyone who is sexually active will contract them at some point in their lives.

HPV infections are the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in the United States. While many people will never even know that they have contracted the virus, HPV infections can lead to genital warts or even cancer if left untreated.

What is HPV?

HPV is a very common virus that can be transmitted through sexual contact. There are over 100 different types of HPV, most of which do not cause any visible signs or symptoms.

Some types of HPV, however, can cause genital warts or lead to certain types of cancer.

How is HPV spread?

HPV is primarily spread through sexual contact. It can be spread through vaginal, anal, or oral sex, as well as through other forms of skin-to-skin contact, such as rubbing one’s genitals against another person’s genitals.

Condoms can help reduce the risk of contracting HPV, but they do not completely protect against it.

What are the symptoms of HPV?

Most people with HPV will never experience any symptoms or health problems as a result of the infection. Some people may develop genital warts, which are typically painless bumps or growths on or around the genitals or anus.

Other types of HPV can lead to cancer, both in men and women. In women, HPV can cause cervical cancer, as well as cancer of the vulva, vagina, anus, or throat. In men, HPV can cause cancer of the anus or throat.

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How is HPV diagnosed?

There is no specific test that can diagnose HPV in men. In women, HPV can be detected through a routine Pap smear, which is typically done during a gynecologic exam.

If the test comes back positive for HPV, further testing may be needed to determine the type of HPV and whether there are any abnormal cells on the cervix. For genital warts, a healthcare provider can often diagnose the condition simply by looking at the affected area.

How is HPV treated?

There is no cure for HPV, but treatments are available for the symptoms associated with the virus. For genital warts, medications or surgical procedures can be used to remove or reduce the growths.

Women who have abnormal cells on the cervix as a result of HPV may need to undergo further testing and treatment to prevent the development of cervical cancer.

How can HPV be prevented?

The best way to prevent HPV is to get vaccinated. The HPV vaccine is recommended for both boys and girls, ideally between the ages of 11 and 12. The vaccine is most effective when given before a person becomes sexually active.

Using condoms can also help reduce the risk of contracting HPV, although condoms do not provide complete protection. In addition, limiting your number of sexual partners can also help reduce your risk of contracting HPV.

The Bottom Line

HPV is a very common virus that can cause genital warts or lead to certain types of cancer if left untreated. Although there is no cure for HPV, there are treatments available that can help alleviate the symptoms associated with the virus.

The best way to prevent HPV is to get vaccinated and to practice safe sex.