Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which affects the joints leading to inflammation, swelling, stiffness, and pain. It typically begins with the small joints in the hands and feet and then moves to other parts of the body.
Although RA can affect anyone of any age, it is more prevalent in women. According to the Arthritis Foundation, over 1.5 million Americans have RA, and 75% of them are women. This begs the question, are there certain women more prone to rheumatoid arthritis?.
Genetics
One of the main risk factors for developing rheumatoid arthritis is genetics. There are certain genes that have been linked to an increased risk of developing RA.
Women who have a family history of rheumatoid arthritis are more likely to develop the disease. The specific genes implicated in RA are human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes. These genes are responsible for producing proteins that help the immune system identify foreign substances.
It is believed that specific variations in the HLA genes make individuals more susceptible to RA.
Hormones
Hormones also play a role in the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Women have higher levels of estrogen which has been linked to the disease. Estrogen is a hormone known for its anti-inflammatory properties.
When estrogen levels decrease, women are more susceptible to developing RA. Women who have had early onset of menopause have an increased risk of developing RA. This suggests that estrogen may have a protective effect against RA.
Reproductive Health
Several studies have indicated a link between reproductive health and rheumatoid arthritis. Women who have given birth have a reduced risk of developing RA. Conversely, women who have never given birth are more likely to develop RA.
This suggests that pregnancy hormones may help protect against the development of RA.
Smoking
Smoking is also a risk factor for developing RA. Studies have shown that smokers, especially those with a genetic predisposition to RA are more likely to develop the disease than non-smokers.
Smoking causes inflammation in the body and can increase the likelihood of developing autoimmune diseases such as RA. According to the Arthritis Foundation, quitting smoking can decrease the risk of developing RA.
Obesity
Obesity is a risk factor for the development of several diseases. The association between obesity and rheumatoid arthritis is not yet clear.
However, some studies have suggested that there may be a link between being overweight and an increased risk of developing RA. Carrying excess weight can put extra strain on the joints leading to inflammation. Furthermore, adipose tissue produces cytokines which are proteins that stimulate inflammation in the body.
It is believed that obesity causes chronic inflammation which can lead to the development of autoimmune diseases such as RA.
Age
As previously mentioned, rheumatoid arthritis can affect anyone of any age. However, it is more prevalent in women who are over the age of 60. Women who have gone through menopause are more likely to develop RA.
The decline in estrogen levels after menopause may be a contributing factor to the development of RA in older women.
Environmental Factors
Environmental factors such as pollution, exposure to chemicals, and infections have also been linked to the development of rheumatoid arthritis.
Women who work in certain occupations such as hairdressing, agriculture, and cleaning may be more susceptible to developing RA. This is because they are exposed to chemicals that may act as triggers for autoimmune diseases. Additionally, infectious agents such as viruses may trigger RA in some individuals.
Conclusion
In conclusion, there are several factors that can contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis in women. These include genetics, hormones, reproductive health, smoking, obesity, age, and environmental factors.
Although there is no sure way to prevent RA, adopting a healthy lifestyle by quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, reducing exposure to environmental triggers, and managing stress can help reduce the risk of developing RA.