Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect multiple organs and tissues in the body.

It is characterized by periods of remission and flare-ups, with symptoms varying in severity and presentation from person to person. Here, we will explore the clinical manifestations of SLE, accompanied by illustrations to provide a visual understanding of the disease.

1. Skin and Mucous Membrane Involvement

SLE commonly presents with skin and mucous membrane involvement. One of the characteristic skin manifestations is a butterfly-shaped rash across the cheeks and nose, known as a malar rash. This rash can range from a mild blush to a severe erythema.

Other skin symptoms include discoid lesions, photosensitivity, and oral ulcers.

2. Joint and Muscle Pain

Joint pain and swelling, also known as arthritis, are common symptoms of SLE. The joints may be tender and warm to the touch. SLE-related arthritis typically affects multiple joints symmetrically, similar to rheumatoid arthritis.

Muscle pain, known as myalgia, may also be present.

3. Kidney Involvement

SLE can affect the kidneys, leading to various kidney diseases collectively referred to as lupus nephritis. It can cause inflammation of the kidneys, impairing their ability to filter waste and maintain fluid balance.

Symptoms may include edema (swelling), foamy urine, high blood pressure, and ultimately, kidney failure if left untreated.

4. Cardiovascular Manifestations

SLE increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease and myocarditis. Inflammation of the heart can lead to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and irregular heart rhythms.

Additionally, inflammation of blood vessels (vasculitis) can occur, causing complications such as Raynaud’s phenomenon and deep vein thrombosis.

5. Pulmonary Involvement

Pulmonary manifestations in SLE can range from mild to severe. Pleuritis, inflammation of the lining around the lungs, is a common symptom, leading to chest pain worsened by deep breaths.

Other respiratory symptoms may include shortness of breath, cough, and lung inflammation (pneumonitis).

6. Neurological Symptoms

SLE can affect the nervous system, leading to various neurological symptoms. These may include headaches, cognitive dysfunction (commonly referred to as lupus fog), seizures, peripheral neuropathy, and even strokes.

Mental health challenges such as anxiety and depression are also common among individuals with SLE.

7. Hematologic Abnormalities

Abnormalities in blood cells can occur in SLE. Anemia, a decrease in red blood cell count, is common and can cause fatigue and weakness.

Additionally, a decrease in white blood cells and platelets can lead to an increased risk of infections and bleeding, respectively.

8. Gastrointestinal Involvement

SLE can affect the gastrointestinal tract, leading to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Individuals with SLE may also experience gastrointestinal vasculitis, which can cause bowel ischemia and perforation in severe cases.

9. Ocular Manifestations

Ocular manifestations can occur in SLE, affecting various parts of the eye. Dry eyes, conjunctivitis, and episodes of blurred vision are common.

Inflammation within the eye, known as uveitis, can also occur and may result in redness, pain, and sensitivity to light.

10. Reproductive System Complications

SLE can lead to complications in the reproductive system, particularly during pregnancy. Women with SLE have an increased risk of miscarriages, preterm births, and hypertension during pregnancy (preeclampsia).

It is crucial for individuals with SLE to receive proper medical management before and during pregnancy.

In conclusion, systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex autoimmune disease that can present with a wide range of clinical manifestations affecting multiple organ systems.

Understanding these various symptoms and their potential severity is essential for early diagnosis and effective management of SLE.