Parathyroid hormones (PTH) play a crucial role in maintaining the balance of calcium in our bodies. When these hormones become excessive, however, they can lead to various health issues.

Excessive parathyroid hormones, also known as hyperparathyroidism, can have a significant impact on our overall well-being. In this article, we will discuss the signs and symptoms to look out for, as well as the potential causes and treatments for this condition.

Understanding Parathyroid Hormones

The parathyroid glands, located in the neck near the thyroid gland, are responsible for producing and releasing parathyroid hormone. These hormones help regulate the levels of calcium and phosphate in the body.

When the calcium levels in our blood drop, the parathyroid glands release PTH, which then stimulates the bones to release calcium, the kidneys to reduce its excretion, and the intestine to increase calcium absorption.

However, when there is an overproduction of PTH, it can disrupt the delicate balance of calcium in our bodies and lead to hyperparathyroidism.

Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Parathyroid Hormones

Hyperparathyroidism can present with a wide range of signs and symptoms. Some of the common ones include:.

• 1. Fatigue and Weakness

  Excessive PTH can cause feelings of fatigue and weakness. This may be due to the disruption of calcium levels in the muscles, leading to reduced muscle strength.

• 2. Bone and Joint Pain

  Hyperparathyroidism can lead to bone and joint pain. Excessive PTH causes the bones to release calcium, which can weaken them and increase the risk of fractures.

• 3. Kidney Stones

  Elevated levels of PTH can result in increased calcium excretion through the kidneys, leading to the formation of kidney stones. These stones can cause severe pain and discomfort.

• 4. Frequent Urination

  Hyperparathyroidism can cause excessive thirst and increased urine production. This is due to the kidneys’ increased excretion of calcium and the body’s attempt to eliminate the excess calcium.

• 5. Gastrointestinal Issues

  Some individuals with excessive parathyroid hormones may experience digestive problems such as constipation, nausea, and loss of appetite.

• 6. Cognitive Changes

  In some cases, hyperparathyroidism can result in cognitive changes, including difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and even depression.

• 7. Cardiovascular Symptoms

  Elevated levels of PTH have been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular issues, including high blood pressure and heart disease.

• 8. Osteoporosis

  If left untreated, hyperparathyroidism can lead to osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.

• 9. Muscle Spasms

  Excessive parathyroid hormones can cause muscle spasms, cramps, and twitching due to imbalances in calcium levels.

• 10. Fatigue and Depression

  People with hyperparathyroidism often experience fatigue and may also develop symptoms of depression.

  Related Article Hyperparathyroidism: Warning Signs to Watch For

Causes of Excessive Parathyroid Hormones

Hyperparathyroidism can have various causes, including:.

• Primary Hyperparathyroidism

  This is the most common cause of excessive parathyroid hormones. It occurs when one or more of the parathyroid glands develop a benign tumor, known as an adenoma, which produces excessive amounts of PTH.

• Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

  Secondary hyperparathyroidism can occur as a result of another underlying condition, such as chronic kidney disease or vitamin D deficiency.

• Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism

  In some cases, secondary hyperparathyroidism can progress to tertiary hyperparathyroidism, which involves the autonomous overproduction of PTH even after the underlying cause has been resolved.

• Familial Hyperparathyroidism

  In rare instances, hyperparathyroidism can be inherited genetically due to mutations in certain genes.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing hyperparathyroidism involves a combination of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory tests. Blood tests can measure the levels of calcium and PTH, helping to identify any abnormalities.

If hyperparathyroidism is diagnosed, the next step is to determine the underlying cause. Imaging techniques, such as ultrasound and sestamibi scans, may be used to locate any abnormal growths or tumors in the parathyroid glands.

In some cases, a biopsy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

The treatment of excessive parathyroid hormones depends on the severity of the condition and the underlying cause. In cases where symptoms are mild and calcium levels are only slightly elevated, careful monitoring may be sufficient.

However, if the symptoms are severe or if calcium levels are significantly elevated, treatment options may include:.

• 1. Surgery

  Surgical removal of the abnormal parathyroid gland(s) is often recommended in cases of primary hyperparathyroidism. This procedure, known as a parathyroidectomy, aims to normalize the levels of PTH and restore calcium balance.

• 2. Medications

  In some cases, medication may be prescribed to help manage the symptoms and reduce the complications associated with hyperparathyroidism.

  These medications may include bisphosphonates (to strengthen bones), calcimimetics (to lower PTH levels), or hormone replacement therapy (in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis).

• 3. Lifestyle Changes

  Adopting a healthy lifestyle can be beneficial in managing hyperparathyroidism. This may include consuming a balanced diet rich in calcium and vitamin D, regular exercise, staying hydrated, and avoiding excessive intake of alcohol and caffeine.

Conclusion

Excessive parathyroid hormones can have a significant impact on the body’s calcium balance and overall health. Recognizing the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism is crucial for early detection and appropriate management of the condition.

If you experience any of the mentioned symptoms or suspect an imbalance in your calcium levels, consult a healthcare professional for proper evaluation and guidance. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, it is possible to effectively manage hyperparathyroidism and prevent complications.