Infertility is a growing concern across the world, with many couples struggling to conceive and resorting to assisted reproductive technologies (ART).

While several factors contribute to infertility, male factor infertility plays a significant role in many cases. In some situations, the cause of infertility remains unexplained, leading to frustration and confusion for couples.

What is unexplained infertility?

Unexplained infertility is a diagnosis given to couples struggling to conceive despite undergoing comprehensive fertility tests and evaluations.

The condition affects approximately 15% of couples trying to conceive and comprises ten percent of male factor infertility cases.

Male factor infertility refers to a man’s inability to contribute to conception even when his partner is medically fit to conceive. The causes of male infertility include low sperm count, abnormal sperm shape, and poor sperm motility.

These factors are often identified through comprehensive semen analysis, but in some cases, the results can be normal despite infertility.

When both partners have an unexplained infertility diagnosis, it makes treatment even more complicated. In such cases, ART is often the primary treatment option.

Exploring male factor infertility in unexplained cases

While infertility is a complex condition, several studies suggest that the male factor is often overlooked in cases of unexplained infertility.

A comprehensive medical evaluation should consider both male and female factors to develop an effective treatment plan. Here are some factors linked to male factor infertility in unexplained cases.

1. Sperm DNA Fragmentation

Sperm DNA fragmentation is a condition where sperm carries strands of broken or damaged DNA. Damaged DNA reduces the chances of successful fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy.

Studies have linked high levels of sperm DNA fragmentation to unexplained infertility cases. Several factors, including environmental factors such as smoking and heat exposure and genetic factors, are responsible for the condition. In some cases, antioxidants and micronutrients can reduce DNA fragmentation levels and improve sperm quality.

2. Azoospermia

Azoospermia is a condition where semen does not contain any sperm. While most cases of azoospermia are due to a blockage in the reproductive system, some are due to hormonal imbalances.

Hormonal imbalances lead to decreased sperm production, thus reducing the chances of natural conception. In such cases, ART treatments such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are recommended to introduce sperm directly into the egg.

3. Varicocele

Varicocele is a condition where the veins in the scrotum are enlarged, causing reduced sperm quality and quantity. In some cases, varicocele causes a hormonal imbalance that can lead to male infertility.

This condition can be treated through surgical intervention, which can improve sperm production and quality.

4. Lifestyle Factors

Lifestyle factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, and drug use can significantly affect male fertility. These factors cause oxidative stress, leading to poor sperm quality and motility.

Quitting smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and drug use can improve sperm quality and increase the chances of conception.

5. Genetic Factors

Some cases of unexplained male infertility are due to genetic factors such as chromosomal abnormalities, gene mutations, and Y-chromosome microdeletions.

These conditions can affect sperm production, movement, and shape, leading to a decreased chance of fertilization. Genetic testing can identify these factors and help develop effective treatment plans.

Conclusion

Unexplained infertility can cause frustration and anxiety for couples struggling to conceive. However, a comprehensive medical evaluation should consider both male and female factors in developing an effective treatment plan.

Male factor infertility is a significant factor in many cases of unexplained infertility. Identifying the root cause of male factor infertility can lead to effective treatments and improved chances of conception.