Leukemia is one of the most common forms of cancer in children, accounting for nearly one-third of all childhood cancer diagnoses. Despite its prevalence, the causes of childhood leukemia are largely unknown.

In this article, we will explore the roots of childhood leukemia and identify some of the major risk factors.

What is Childhood Leukemia?

Leukemia is a type of cancer that affects the blood cells and bone marrow. In children, leukemia usually starts in the white blood cells, which are the cells that help the body fight infection.

When a child has leukemia, their bone marrow produces abnormal white blood cells that don’t function properly. These cells divide and grow rapidly, crowding out healthy white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Types of Childhood Leukemia

There are two main types of childhood leukemia: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

ALL is the most common type of childhood leukemia, accounting for about 75% of all cases. It usually occurs in children between the ages of 2 and 5 and is more common in boys than girls.

ALL starts in the lymphoid cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies to fight infection.

AML accounts for about 20% of childhood leukemia cases. It usually occurs in older children, typically between the ages of 12 and 14, and is slightly more common in boys than girls.

AML starts in the myeloid cells, which are a type of white blood cell that produces red blood cells, platelets, and other types of white blood cells.

Risk Factors for Childhood Leukemia

The causes of childhood leukemia are not well understood, but there are some known risk factors that may increase a child’s likelihood of developing the disease.

Genetics

Several genetic mutations have been identified that can increase a child’s risk of developing leukemia.

For example, children with Down syndrome are at a higher risk of developing leukemia, as are children with certain inherited genetic disorders such as Fanconi anemia and Bloom syndrome.

There are also certain gene mutations that have been found to be associated with an increased risk of leukemia. However, the majority of cases of childhood leukemia are not caused by inherited genetic factors.

Environmental Factors

Exposure to certain environmental factors has been linked to an increased risk of childhood leukemia.

For example, children who are exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation (such as from medical imaging or nuclear accidents) have a higher risk of developing leukemia.

Exposure to certain chemicals and toxins may also increase a child’s risk of developing leukemia.

For example, children who live near industrial sites or hazardous waste sites may be exposed to high levels of benzene, a known carcinogen that has been linked to leukemia.

Viral Infections

Some studies suggest that certain viral infections may increase a child’s risk of developing leukemia.

For example, children who are infected with the Epstein-Barr virus (which causes infectious mononucleosis) may have a higher risk of developing leukemia.

Immune System Disorders

Children who have certain immune system disorders, such as HIV/AIDS or severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), may have a higher risk of developing leukemia.

Conclusion

Childhood leukemia is a complex disease with no known cure. While the exact causes of the disease are still unknown, research has identified several risk factors that may increase a child’s likelihood of developing leukemia.

By understanding these risk factors, we may be able to work towards reducing the incidence of childhood leukemia and developing more effective treatments for those affected by the disease.