Male infertility is the inability of a man to make his female partner pregnant even after one year of regular, unprotected sex. Infertility affects about 15% of couples worldwide, and half of these cases are attributed to male infertility.

Factors responsible for male infertility

Several factors can cause male infertility, as discussed below:.

1. Abnormalities in sperm production

Issues with sperm production and quality are the commonest cause of male infertility. The sperm may be malformed or insufficient in number, motility, or morphology, preventing them from fertilizing the egg effectively.

Some factors that can contribute to this situation include:.

Genetic abnormalities
Infections
Testicular cancer
Varicoceles (swollen veins in the scrotum)
Drugs, alcohol, and tobacco usage
Exposure to toxins, radiation, or excessive heat

2. Hormonal imbalances

Hormonal imbalances can interfere with sperm production, growth, and maturation, leading to infertility. The hormones involved include:.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Luteinizing hormone- stimulates the Leydig cells in the testicles to produce testosterone.
Follicle-stimulating hormone- stimulates the sertoli cells to nourish and protect the developing sperm cells.
Testosterone- controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics.

3. Conditions affecting ejaculation

Ejaculation occurs when the semen is released from the penis during orgasm. Some conditions that may interfere with this process include:.

Erectile dysfunction
Retarded ejaculation- when it takes too long to ejaculate
Premature ejaculation- when it happens too quickly before penetration

4. Obstructions in the reproductive tract

Obstructions in the male reproductive tract can prevent the sperm from reaching the egg during intercourse. Such blockages include:.

Varicoceles
Hernias
Undescended testicles
Bacterial infections

5. Sexual dysfunction

Sexual dysfunction can affect the ability of a man to ejaculate or maintain an erection during sexual intercourse. These problems can arise from emotional, psychological, or physical issues, causing infertility.

6. Age

Age is another factor that can contribute to male infertility. As men age, the quality and quantity of the sperm decline, and this can cause difficulties in achieving conception.