Pregnancy is a critical phase of life, and expectant mothers will do everything possible to ensure their health and that of their babies. However, pregnant women worldwide now face a major threat – atmospheric pollution.

Atmospheric pollution refers to the presence of harmful substances in the air we breathe, like gases, particulate matter, and chemicals, which pose significant environmental and health risks. Research shows that exposure to air pollution during pregnancy increases the risk of premature birth, and this condition associated with the likelihood of developmental and neurological problems, and even death of a newborn.

In this article, we discuss the effects of atmospheric pollution on prenatal health and the possible preventive measures towards healthy pregnancy outcomes.

Atmospheric Pollution and Premature Births

A study published on Environmental Health Perspectives in 2017 analyzed data from over 15,000 premature births and their associations with exposure to particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxide (NOx), and carbon monoxide (CO).

The researchers found that the risk of premature birth significantly increased in areas with higher levels of atmospheric pollution. Also, the rates of preterm birth were found to be highest in the developing world where urbanization and industrialization have led to intensified pollution levels.

The study concluded that long-term exposure to pollutants, especially PM, may cause adverse birth outcomes.

Another study published in the Journal of Environmental Health Perspectives analyzed the impact of exposure to airborne pollutants, including PM10, PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on preterm birth rates in the United States.

The study revealed a strong association between exposure to anthropogenic air pollutants and preterm births in the US. The authors also found that the risk of preterm birth increased by 42% for every increase of PM10 micrograms per cubic meter, 28% for PM2.5, and 16% for NO2.

This means that living in areas with higher air pollution increases the risk of giving birth prematurely.

How Atmospheric Pollution Affects Pregnancy

The link between atmospheric pollution and premature births is through the harmful chemicals that can cross the placental barrier. Through this barrier, the unborn baby easily absorbs whatever substance the mother is exposed to.

This occurs at any time during pregnancy and can influence fetal growth and development. Pollutants also cause inflammation in the mother’s body, which is also attributed to preterm labor. Some pollutants have a toxic effect on the blood system, leading to low birth weight, reduced growth rates, and cognitive impairments.

Common Pollutants Harmful to Pregnancy

Several pollutants are harmful to the pregnant mother and the unborn baby; these include:.

Particulate Matter (PM): PM2.5 and PM10 are small particles suspended in the air and are harmful if inhaled. They can cross the placental barrier, leading to inflammation, blood clotting, and even death of the baby.
The Nitrous Oxide (NOx): NOx is mainly attributed to industrial activities, and it can cause respiratory issues, increased inflammation and oxidative stress, and damage to fetal developmental genes. Also, it promotes the production of free radicals, which can then reduce fetal growth.
The Sulfur Dioxide (SO2): SO2 often causes respiratory illnesses and leads to the release of metallic particles in the atmosphere. If the metallic particles cross the placenta, they can lead to fetal growth restrictions and developmental changes in nerve function.

Preventive Measures for Pregnant Women

Avoiding pollution altogether is nearly impossible, so what can pregnant women do to avoid possible effects of pollutants?.

Avoid outdoor activities during peak pollution hours.

During daytime low wind and high traffic hours, pollution levels are higher. It is safer to avoid going out during such hours and to schedule outdoor activities at off-peak hours.

Use air purifiers and filters at home

If you live in areas with high levels of atmospheric pollution, you can use efficient air purifiers and filters at home, especially in the bedroom where you spend most of your time.

Wear protective masks and clothes

If you have to go outside, wearing protective masks and clothes can reduce the risk of inhaling airborne pollutants. Though most cities now have clean air laws, protective masks will help reduce the risk of inhaling harmful chemicals.

Focus on healthy lifestyle choices

Eating balanced diets, exercising moderately, and reducing stress can help mothers maintain their health during pregnancy.

Conclusion

Atmospheric pollution is attributed to many environmental and health-related problems, including premature births and other prenatal issues.

Expectant mothers must observe preventive measures to avoid exposure to harmful pollutants, as these can harm their unborn babies. Air pollution affects everyone, but pregnant women are particularly vulnerable. Therefore, we must strive to find better methods to reduce atmospheric pollution and live in clean environments.