Rheumatic fever is a serious inflammatory disease that can affect various parts of the body, particularly the heart. It is caused by a bacterial infection, specifically streptococcus bacteria, which usually starts with a sore throat or strep throat.

If left untreated, rheumatic fever can lead to complications that significantly impact heart health. In this article, we will explore how rheumatic fever affects the heart and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

Understanding Rheumatic Fever

Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that occurs as a result of an untreated or inadequately treated strep throat infection.

The streptococcus bacteria triggers an immune response in the body, where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissues, such as the heart, joints, skin, and brain.

While rheumatic fever can affect people of all ages, it is most common in children between the ages of 5 and 15.

Individuals with a genetic predisposition or those living in crowded and unsanitary conditions are more susceptible to developing rheumatic fever.

Signs and Symptoms of Rheumatic Fever

Rheumatic fever can manifest in various ways, and its symptoms may range from mild to severe. Some of the common signs and symptoms include:.

Fever
Joint pain and swelling
Red, hot, and swollen joints
Chest pain
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Fatigue and weakness
Skin rash
Jerky, uncontrollable body movements
Heart murmurs
Swollen lymph nodes

If you or your child experience any of these symptoms, it is important to seek medical attention immediately, especially if there has been recent exposure to strep throat.

Impact of Rheumatic Fever on Heart Health

The most significant and potentially life-threatening impact of rheumatic fever is on the heart. It can cause inflammation in the heart, leading to various complications:.

1. Rheumatic Heart Disease (RHD)

Rheumatic fever often leads to the development of rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a condition characterized by inflammation and scarring of the heart valves.

The inflammation caused by rheumatic fever affects the valve structure, resulting in valve dysfunction. This can lead to problems with blood flow in the heart, including valve stenosis (narrowing) or regurgitation (leaking).

2. Damage to Heart Muscles

Over time, prolonged inflammation in the heart caused by rheumatic fever can lead to damage of the heart muscles. This can weaken the heart’s ability to pump blood efficiently, resulting in reduced cardiac function.

3. Infective Endocarditis

Rheumatic heart disease also increases the risk of infective endocarditis, a serious infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves.

The damaged heart valves provide a favorable environment for bacteria to attach and grow, leading to infective endocarditis.

4. Heart Failure

In severe cases, the cumulative damage to the heart caused by rheumatic fever can result in heart failure. Heart failure occurs when the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs.

It can cause symptoms such as fatigue, shortness of breath, fluid retention, and swollen ankles.

Diagnosing Rheumatic Fever and Heart Complications

Diagnosing rheumatic fever and its impact on heart health involves various medical evaluations:.

1. Throat Culture

A throat culture is performed to identify the presence of streptococcus bacteria in individuals with a sore throat. If strep throat is detected, prompt antibiotic treatment can prevent the development of rheumatic fever.

2. Blood Tests

Blood tests are conducted to check for markers of inflammation, such as elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

Additionally, blood samples may be tested for the presence of antibodies that indicate a recent streptococcus infection.

3. Echocardiogram

An echocardiogram is a non-invasive test that uses ultrasound waves to produce detailed images of the heart’s structure and function. It is performed to assess the presence of any abnormalities in the heart valves, heart muscle, or blood flow.

4. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

An electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart and can detect any irregularities in heart rhythm, which may be indicative of heart involvement in rheumatic fever.

Treatment and Prevention

The primary goals of treating rheumatic fever are to reduce inflammation, eliminate the streptococcus bacteria, manage symptoms, and prevent further heart damage. The following treatment approaches are commonly employed:.

1. Antibiotics

Antibiotics, such as penicillin or amoxicillin, are prescribed to eliminate any remaining streptococcus bacteria in the body.

Long-term antibiotic treatment may be necessary in individuals with recurring episodes of rheumatic fever to prevent future infections and further heart damage.

2. Anti-inflammatory Medications

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as aspirin or ibuprofen, are often prescribed to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. In severe cases, corticosteroids may be recommended to suppress the immune response and reduce inflammation.

3. Supportive Care

Supportive care measures can help manage symptoms and complications associated with rheumatic fever. This may include rest, adequate hydration, and monitoring for any signs of heart failure or infective endocarditis.

Prevention of rheumatic fever involves proper and timely treatment of strep throat infections. It is essential to complete the full course of prescribed antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria and reduce the risk of developing complications.

Conclusion

Rheumatic fever is a serious condition that can have long-lasting effects on heart health. The inflammation triggered by strep throat infection can lead to rheumatic heart disease, damage to heart muscles, infective endocarditis, and heart failure.

Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial in preventing further complications and preserving heart function. It is vital to seek medical attention if symptoms of rheumatic fever occur, especially after exposure to strep throat.

With proper treatment and prevention measures, the risks associated with rheumatic fever can be significantly reduced, ensuring better heart health in both children and adults.