Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a viral infection that is primarily transmitted through sexual contact. It affects both males and females and is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) worldwide.

HPV can lead to various health issues, including genital warts and certain types of cancers.

How is HPV transmitted?

HPV can be transmitted through various types of sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. However, it is important to note that HPV can also spread through non-sexual means.

Transmission through genital contact

One of the most common ways for HPV to spread is through direct genital-to-genital contact. This occurs when an infected person’s genitals come into contact with their partner’s genitals.

The virus can be present on the surface of the skin or in genital fluids, such as semen or vaginal fluid.

Transmission through oral sex

HPV can also be transmitted through oral sex, where the virus is passed on from an infected person’s genitals to their partner’s mouth, throat, or vice versa.

It is important to note that both giving and receiving oral sex can result in HPV transmission.

Transmission through anal sex

Anal sex can also lead to HPV transmission.

When an infected person’s anus comes into contact with their partner’s anus, or when the infected person’s anus comes into contact with their partner’s mouth, throat, or genitals, HPV can be transmitted. It’s worth mentioning that using protection, such as condoms and dental dams, can reduce the risk but not entirely eliminate it.

Transmission through touching your own genitalia or anus

In addition to sexual contact with a partner, HPV can also spread through self-contact. This means that touching your own genitalia or anus can potentially lead to HPV transmission.

If an individual has HPV on their hands and then touches their own genitalia or anus, the virus can be transferred and cause an infection.

Non-sexual transmission of HPV

Although less common, HPV can be transmitted in non-sexual ways as well. For example, a mother with genital warts caused by HPV can potentially infect her newborn during vaginal childbirth.

Additionally, using contaminated objects, such as shared towels or sex toys, can also result in HPV transmission.

Preventing HPV transmission

While it may not be possible to completely eliminate the risk of HPV transmission, there are steps individuals can take to reduce it:.

1. Get vaccinated

The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection with the most common types of HPV that can cause genital warts and certain cancers. It is recommended for both males and females, typically given during adolescence or early adulthood.

Talk to your healthcare provider about the HPV vaccine and whether it is appropriate for you.

2. Practice safe sex

Using condoms or dental dams can reduce the risk of HPV transmission during sexual activity.

However, it’s important to note that condoms and dental dams may not provide complete protection, as HPV transmission can occur through skin-to-skin contact not covered by these barriers.

3. Limit sexual partners

Having fewer sexual partners can decrease the likelihood of coming into contact with someone who has HPV. It’s especially important to be aware of a partner’s STI status and to engage in open and honest communication about sexual health.

4. Practice good hygiene

Regular handwashing is essential for reducing the risk of HPV transmission through self-contact. Keeping your genital area clean and dry can also help minimize the spread of the virus.

To minimize the risk of HPV transmission through contaminated objects, such as towels or sex toys, it is important to avoid sharing these items with others. If sharing cannot be avoided, ensure proper disinfection is carried out.

When to seek medical advice

If you suspect that you or your partner may have been exposed to HPV or are experiencing symptoms such as abnormal growths, genital warts, or changes in your cervical screening results, it is important to seek medical advice.

A healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis and discuss appropriate treatment options.