Hypercalcemia is a medical condition characterized by high levels of calcium in the blood. It occurs when the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium metabolism in the body, produce too much parathyroid hormone (PTH).

This excess hormone leads to excessive absorption of calcium from the intestines and bones, causing an imbalance in the body’s calcium levels.

Causes of Hypercalcemia

There are several possible causes of hypercalcemia:.

1. Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It refers to the overactivity of the parathyroid glands, which results in excessive production of PTH.

This condition can be caused by a benign tumor in one or more of the parathyroid glands or by enlargement of the glands themselves.

2. Cancer

Cancer can also cause hypercalcemia. Certain types of cancer, such as those affecting the lungs, breasts, kidneys, or multiple myeloma, can increase the production of substances that promote calcium release from bones.

Additionally, cancer can directly invade the bone tissue, leading to the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

3. Medications

Some medications can disrupt the body’s calcium balance and result in hypercalcemia. These medications include certain diuretics, lithium (used to treat bipolar disorder), and certain forms of vitamin D and calcium supplements.

4. Other Causes

Other possible causes of hypercalcemia include an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism), adrenal gland disorders, prolonged immobilization, excessive intake of calcium or vitamin D, and certain genetic disorders.

Manifestations of Hypercalcemia

The symptoms and manifestations of hypercalcemia vary depending on the severity and rate of calcium increase in the blood. Mild cases may not exhibit any noticeable symptoms, while severe hypercalcemia can lead to life-threatening complications.

Here are some of the common manifestations:.

1. Nervous System Issues

When calcium levels are high, it can affect the nervous system and lead to symptoms such as confusion, difficulty concentrating, irritability, depression, fatigue, and muscle weakness.

2. Digestive System Symptoms

Hypercalcemia can cause various digestive system issues, including nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, constipation, and abdominal pain.

3. Kidney Problems

Elevated levels of calcium in the blood can lead to kidney problems, such as increased urination, dehydration, kidney stones, and impaired kidney function.

4. Skeletal Manifestations

Excess calcium can cause bone pain, osteoporosis (weakening of the bones), and an increased risk of fractures. It can also lead to the formation of calcium deposits in soft tissues, such as the kidneys and blood vessels.

5. Cardiovascular Effects

Hypercalcemia can have cardiovascular effects, including high blood pressure, an irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia), and an increased risk of blood clot formation.

6. Other Symptoms

Additional symptoms of hypercalcemia may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, weakness, fatigue, weight loss, and sensitivity to light.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosing hypercalcemia involves a series of blood tests to measure calcium levels, PTH levels, and other related parameters. Imaging tests, such as X-rays or bone density scans, may be performed to assess bone health and potential causes.

The treatment for hypercalcemia depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Mild cases may be managed through lifestyle changes, such as increasing fluid intake and avoiding excessive calcium or vitamin D supplements.

In more severe cases, medical intervention may include medications to reduce calcium levels, surgical removal of the parathyroid glands, or treatment targeted at the underlying cause, such as chemotherapy for cancer-related hypercalcemia.

Preventing Hypercalcemia

While not all cases of hypercalcemia can be prevented, certain measures can help reduce the risk.

These include maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise and a balanced diet, avoiding excessive calcium or vitamin D supplementation without medical advice, and periodically checking calcium levels if at higher risk due to a medical condition or medication use.