Cervical cancer is a malignancy that starts in the cells lining the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that opens at the top of the vagina.

Cervical cancer is caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), but there are also non-HPV risk factors that can increase your chances of developing cervical cancer.

Non-HPV Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer

Age

The risk of developing cervical cancer increases with age. Women over the age of 30 are more likely to develop cervical cancer, and the risk increases as they get older. However, cervical cancer can occur in women of any age.

Smoking

Women who smoke are more likely to develop cervical cancer than those who do not. Tobacco use weakens the immune system, making it harder for the body to fight off HPV infections and other infections that can lead to cancer.

HIV/AIDS

Women who are living with HIV/AIDS are also at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer. This is because their immune systems are weakened, making it harder for their bodies to fight off infections such as HPV.

Chlamydia infection

Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted bacterial infection that can cause inflammation of the cervix. If left untreated, this inflammation can lead to cervical cancer.

Family history of cervical cancer

If you have a first-degree relative (such as a mother or sister) who has had cervical cancer, your risk of developing the disease is higher. This is because some cases of cervical cancer are caused by genetic factors.

DES exposure

Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a synthetic estrogen that was given to some pregnant women in the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s to prevent miscarriage.

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Women who were exposed to DES before birth are at an increased risk of developing cervical cancer, as well as other types of cancer.

Oral contraception use

Some studies have found that women who have used oral contraceptives (birth control pills) for five or more years may be at a slightly higher risk of developing cervical cancer. However, the risk returns to normal once the woman stops taking the pill.

Pregnancy

Women who have had three or more full-term pregnancies are at a slightly higher risk of developing cervical cancer. This may be because each pregnancy can cause changes to the cervix, making it more susceptible to cancer.

Diet

A diet low in fruits and vegetables and high in processed foods and red meat may increase your risk of developing cervical cancer.

This is because a healthy diet can help boost the immune system and prevent infections and other health problems that can lead to cancer.

Obesity

Being overweight or obese can increase your risk of developing many types of cancer, including cervical cancer. This may be because excess body fat can cause hormonal changes that can lead to cancer.

Conclusion

While HPV is the main cause of cervical cancer, there are also several non-HPV risk factors that can increase your chances of developing this disease.

Women who have any of these risk factors should talk to their healthcare provider about ways to reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer.