Ovarian cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries, which are the female reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs. This disease occurs when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow and divide in an uncontrolled manner, forming tumors.

Ovarian cancer can be life-threatening if not diagnosed and treated early.

Types of Ovarian Cancer

There are several types of ovarian cancer, including:.

Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most common type, accounting for about 90% of all ovarian cancer cases. It develops from the cells that line the outer surface of the ovaries.

Germ Cell Tumors

Germ cell tumors occur in the egg-producing cells of the ovaries. This type of ovarian cancer is more common in younger women and often has a better prognosis compared to other types.

Stromal Tumors

Ovarian stromal tumors develop in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovaries together and produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Ovarian Cancer Symptoms

The symptoms of ovarian cancer are often subtle and can be easily mistaken for other less serious conditions.

However, it is important to pay attention to any persistent or unusual symptoms, as early detection can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment.

Common symptoms of ovarian cancer include:

Abdominal bloating or swelling
Pelvic pain or discomfort
Frequent urination
Loss of appetite or feeling full quickly
Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhea
Unexplained weight loss or gain
Back pain
Indigestion or heartburn
Fatigue
Menstrual changes

Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of ovarian cancer is unknown, but certain factors can increase a woman’s risk of developing this disease. These include:.

Age

Ovarian cancer is more common in women over the age of 50. The risk increases with age, and most cases occur in women who have undergone menopause.

Family History

Having a first-degree relative (mother, sister, or daughter) with ovarian cancer increases a woman’s risk of developing the disease.

Some inherited gene mutations, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, are also associated with an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

Reproductive History

Women who have never been pregnant or have had infertility problems may have a higher risk of ovarian cancer.

Obesity

Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing many types of cancer, including ovarian cancer.

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy, especially estrogen-only therapy, may increase the risk of ovarian cancer.

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cancer

Diagnosing ovarian cancer typically involves a combination of medical history evaluation, physical examination, imaging tests, and laboratory tests.

Common diagnostic tests for ovarian cancer include:

Pelvic examination: A doctor will examine the ovaries and surrounding areas for any abnormalities or signs of cancer.
Ultrasound: This imaging test uses sound waves to create a picture of the ovaries and help detect tumors or cysts.
Blood tests: Blood tests can measure levels of certain substances, such as the cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), which can be elevated in the presence of ovarian cancer.
Biopsy: During a biopsy, a small sample of ovarian tissue is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer is present.

Treatment Options

The treatment of ovarian cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the disease, the type of ovarian cancer, and the overall health of the patient. The main treatment options include:.

Surgery

Surgery is the primary treatment for ovarian cancer. It involves the removal of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, nearby lymph nodes, and any visible tumors. In some cases, a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) may also be performed.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells. It can be administered either before or after surgery to destroy any remaining cancer cells or to shrink tumors before surgery.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy is not commonly used in the treatment of ovarian cancer. It involves the use of high-energy radiation to target and kill cancer cells.

Hormonal Therapy

Hormonal therapy is sometimes used to treat certain types of ovarian cancer, such as stromal tumors. It involves the use of medications to block the effects of estrogen or progesterone on cancer cells.

Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances to specifically target cancer cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells. This type of treatment can be used in combination with other treatments.

Prognosis and Survival Rates

The prognosis of ovarian cancer depends on factors such as the stage at diagnosis, the type of cancer, and the overall health of the patient. Early detection and treatment greatly increase the chances of survival.

Prevention

While it may not be possible to prevent ovarian cancer entirely, there are certain steps that can be taken to reduce the risk:.

1. Birth Control Pills

Using birth control pills can reduce the risk of ovarian cancer, especially when used for several years.

2. Pregnancy

Having a full-term pregnancy can lower the risk of ovarian cancer, particularly if a woman has multiple pregnancies.

3. Breastfeeding

Longer periods of breastfeeding have been associated with a reduced risk of ovarian cancer.

4. Tubal Ligation

Tubal ligation, also known as having your “tubes tied,” has been linked to a lower risk of ovarian cancer.

5. Prophylactic Surgery

In some cases, women at high risk of developing ovarian cancer, such as those with BRCA gene mutations, may opt to undergo prophylactic (preventive) surgery to remove the ovaries and fallopian tubes.