Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop in or on the ovaries, which are the reproductive organs responsible for producing eggs and hormones in women.

These cysts are actually a normal part of a woman’s menstrual cycle and usually go away on their own without causing any symptoms or requiring treatment. However, in some cases, ovarian cysts can cause complications and may need medical attention. This article will provide you with important information about ovarian cysts, including their causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options.

What causes ovarian cysts?

Ovarian cysts can develop for various reasons, and the causes can differ depending on the type of cyst. The most common types of ovarian cysts include:.

Functional cysts

Functional cysts are the most common type of ovarian cyst and are usually harmless. These cysts form during a woman’s menstrual cycle and usually disappear within a few months. There are two types of functional cysts:.

Follicular cysts

During a woman’s menstrual cycle, an egg grows in a sac called a follicle. If the follicle doesn’t break open and release the egg, it can develop into a cyst.

Follicular cysts are usually painless and resolve on their own within one to three months.

Corpus luteum cysts

After releasing an egg, the follicle sac shrinks and becomes a mass of cells called the corpus luteum. If the sac doesn’t dissolve and seals off after releasing the egg, it can fill with fluid and form a cyst.

Most corpus luteum cysts are harmless and self-resolving, although some may cause pain or bleeding.

Dermoid cysts

Dermoid cysts are formed from cells that produce human eggs and may contain tissues like hair, teeth, and even small bits of bone. These cysts are typically benign and rarely cause any symptoms.

However, if they become large or twist, they may cause pain or other complications.

Cystadenomas

Cystadenomas are cysts that develop on the surface of the ovaries and are filled with a watery fluid. They can become quite large and may cause pain or discomfort.

While most cystadenomas are benign, some may be cancerous, requiring prompt medical attention.

Endometriomas

Endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts, occur when endometrial tissue, which normally lines the uterus, grows outside the uterus and attaches to the ovaries. These cysts can cause intense pain, especially during periods, and may affect fertility.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that causes the ovaries to enlarge and develop cysts. PCOS can lead to irregular periods, infertility, and various other health problems.

It is a common condition affecting many women of reproductive age.

Symptoms of ovarian cysts

Most ovarian cysts do not cause any symptoms and go unnoticed. However, some cysts, especially large or ruptured ones, can cause the following symptoms:.

Pelvic pain

Persistent pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse may indicate the presence of an ovarian cyst. The pain can range from dull and aching to sharp and severe.

Abdominal bloating or swelling

Some women may experience bloating or a feeling of fullness in the lower abdomen. This can be caused by a large cyst putting pressure on the surrounding organs.

Changes in menstrual cycle

Ovarian cysts, particularly those associated with PCOS, can disrupt the regularity of your menstrual cycle. You may experience irregular periods, heavy bleeding, or missed periods.

Related Article 9 common symptoms of ovarian cysts

Painful bowel movements

If a cyst puts pressure on the bladder or intestines, it can cause pain or discomfort during bowel movements or urination.

Frequent urination

Ovarian cysts can also irritate the bladder, leading to an increased need to urinate, even if you do not have a urinary tract infection.

Diagnosing ovarian cysts

If you experience any symptoms of ovarian cysts or if your doctor suspects their presence, they may perform the following diagnostic tests:.

Pelvic ultrasound

An ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of your ovaries and can help determine the size, location, and composition of a cyst. This non-invasive procedure is painless and provides valuable information about the nature of the cyst.

Blood tests

Your doctor may order blood tests to measure various hormone levels or to check for the presence of specific tumor markers associated with ovarian cysts.

Laparoscopy

In some cases, a laparoscopy may be necessary to visualize the cyst directly.

During this minimally invasive surgical procedure, a small incision is made in the abdomen, and a small camera is inserted to examine the ovaries and other organs in the pelvic area.

Treatment options for ovarian cysts

The treatment for ovarian cysts depends on various factors, including the type of cyst, its size, and the presence of symptoms. In many cases, treatment may not be necessary, and the cyst may resolve on its own.

However, if treatment is required, your doctor may recommend:.

Watchful waiting

If the cyst is small and not causing any symptoms, your doctor may advise waiting and monitoring it over time. They may recommend follow-up ultrasounds to track any changes in size or composition.

Birth control pills

Oral contraceptives can help regulate your menstrual cycle and prevent the formation of new cysts. They work by suppressing ovulation and can also help alleviate symptoms related to PCOS.

Hormonal therapy

In certain cases, hormonal therapy with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists or progestins may be prescribed to shrink cysts or prevent their recurrence.

Surgery

If a cyst is large, causing severe pain, or showing signs of being cancerous, your doctor may recommend surgery to remove it. The surgical approaches can vary from minimally invasive laparoscopy to open abdominal surgery.

Preventing ovarian cysts

While ovarian cysts cannot always be prevented, certain factors may reduce your risk or help detect them early:.

Regular pelvic exams

Undergoing regular pelvic exams can help your doctor identify and monitor any changes in the ovaries or other reproductive organs.

Birth control pills

Taking oral contraceptives may reduce your risk of developing ovarian cysts, as they prevent the formation of follicles that can become cysts.

Healthy lifestyle

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a balanced diet, can help regulate hormone levels and reduce the risk of ovarian cysts.

Conclusion

Ovarian cysts are common and usually harmless, but in some cases, they can cause complications or require medical intervention.

It is important to understand the different types of cysts, their symptoms, diagnostic procedures, and available treatment options. If you experience any symptoms or concerns, it is recommended to consult your healthcare provider for appropriate evaluation and guidance.