Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects the central nervous system.

It develops gradually and worsens over time, causing the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in a specific part of the brain called the substantia nigra. The loss of these neurons leads to motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and slow movements.

1. Tremors

The most common and noticeable symptom of Parkinson’s disease is tremors. Initially, it starts with a slight tremble in the fingers or hands while idling and gradually increases with time.

This tremble can occur in any part of the body, including arms, legs, and head. These tremors usually manifest at rest, and voluntary movements temporarily relieve the tremor. However, in later stages, tremors may occur during movement as well.

2. Muscle Rigidity

Rigidity, stiffness, or inflexibility in the muscles are another common symptom of Parkinson’s. This stiffness can make movements challenging and can cause muscle pain. It can also make tasks like dressing, writing, and even speaking difficult.

3. Bradykinesia (Slow Movement)

Bradykinesia, or slowness of movement, is a hallmark symptom of Parkinson’s disease. It can result in difficulty initiating movements, decreased facial expression, and decreased arm swings while walking.

This is due to the lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is essential to send messages to the muscles and initiate movements.

4. Postural Instability

Postural instability refers to difficulty maintaining balance while standing or walking.

Parkinson’s disease affects the part of the brain responsible for controlling balance, so people with Parkinson’s often find it difficult to maintain an upright posture or steady movement. They may also be at a higher risk of falls and injuries.

5. Impaired Automatic Movements

A common feature of Parkinson’s disease is the reduction of automatic movements such as blinking, swinging your arms while walking, or smiling.

These movements are usually done unconsciously, but those with Parkinson’s disease have to think about initiating them consciously.

6. Reduced Smell

One lesser-known symptom of Parkinson’s disease is reduced sense of smell. This changes the way food tastes and impairs the ability to detect certain odors.

Research suggests that the loss of the sense of smell could be an early sign of Parkinson’s disease.

7. Sleep Disturbances

Many people with Parkinson’s disease experience sleep disturbances, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless legs syndrome.

These sleep disturbances can cause difficulty in falling asleep or staying asleep and often lead to daytime fatigue, which can worsen Parkinson’s symptoms.

8. Mood Disorders

While Parkinson’s disease primarily affects motor abilities, it can also cause non-motor symptoms. Mood disorders are relatively common in people with Parkinson’s, and it can include depression, anxiety, and apathy.

These can significantly lower a person’s quality of life and make it harder for them to manage their condition.

9. Cognitive Changes

In some cases, Parkinson’s disease can also lead to changes in cognitive abilities, including impairment in memory, attention, and executive function.

These changes can make it difficult to organize and plan, leading to difficulties in everyday activities like cooking or paying bills.

10. Speech and Swallowing Difficulties

As Parkinson’s disease progresses, it can cause speech and swallowing difficulties. This can lead to slower and softer speech, a monotone voice, or loss of inflection.

Swallowing difficulties can lead to choking or aspiration pneumonia, making it crucial to catch and treat these symptoms early.

Conclusion

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder that impacts a person’s motor, non-motor, and cognitive abilities. The early identification of these signs and symptoms can help in receiving a prompt diagnosis and better management.

If you or your loved one experience any of these symptoms, it is essential to seek medical attention from a neurologist or a movement disorder specialist.