Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, plays a crucial role in the functioning of our body. It is necessary for the formation of red blood cells, DNA synthesis, and proper nerve function.

Our body cannot produce vitamin B12 on its own, so we must obtain it from dietary sources or supplements.

What causes B12 deficiency?

B12 deficiency can occur due to various reasons. The most common cause is inadequate intake of foods containing vitamin B12, such as meat, fish, dairy products, and eggs.

Vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of developing B12 deficiency as plant sources do not provide sufficient amounts of this vitamin.

Another cause of B12 deficiency is malabsorption, which can happen due to certain medical conditions like pernicious anemia or gastrointestinal disorders that affect the absorption of nutrients.

Additionally, some medications like certain diabetes drugs, acid reflux medications, and antacids can interfere with B12 absorption. Chronic alcoholism can also lead to B12 deficiency as alcohol impairs the absorption of B vitamins in general.

Signs and symptoms of B12 deficiency

B12 deficiency symptoms can vary from person to person and can be mild to severe. Early signs are often subtle and may be easily overlooked. Recognizing these signs can help prompt early detection and treatment of B12 deficiency.

1. Fatigue and weakness

Feeling tired and weak even after adequate rest is a common early sign of B12 deficiency. As B12 is involved in the formation of red blood cells, a lack of this vitamin can lead to anemia.

Anemia diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, leading to fatigue and weakness.

2. Pale or jaundiced skin

If you notice that your skin appears unusually pale or has a yellowish tinge, it could be a sign of B12 deficiency. This paleness is due to the reduced number of red blood cells caused by anemia.

Jaundice occurs when there is a buildup of bilirubin, a yellow pigment, in the blood.

3. Shortness of breath and dizziness

Due to anemia caused by B12 deficiency, the body may receive inadequate oxygen supply, leading to shortness of breath and dizziness. These symptoms are especially noticeable during physical exertion or even while performing everyday tasks.

4. Pins and needles sensation

B12 deficiency can also cause nerve damage, leading to a tingling or pins and needles sensation in the hands and feet.

This symptom, known as peripheral neuropathy, occurs due to the protective covering of nerves (myelin) being affected by the deficiency.

5. Cognitive and mood changes

Changes in cognitive function and mood can also be early signs of B12 deficiency. You may experience difficulties in memory, concentration, or even have mood swings, feeling irritable or depressed.

These changes occur due to the impact of vitamin B12 on the central nervous system.

6. Mouth and tongue problems

A B12 deficiency can cause oral health issues like glossitis, which is the inflammation of the tongue, making it appear swollen, smooth, and sore. You may also experience a burning sensation or develop mouth ulcers.

These symptoms can affect your ability to eat and speak comfortably.

7. Digestive issues

B12 deficiency can lead to digestive problems like constipation, diarrhea, or loss of appetite. These symptoms may arise from the impact of B12 on the normal functioning of the digestive system.

8. Muscle weakness and balance problems

In severe cases of B12 deficiency, muscle weakness and balance problems may occur. This can lead to difficulty in walking, unsteady movements, or even muscle twitches caused by the nerve damage resulting from the deficiency.

9. Vision changes

B12 deficiency can affect vision and lead to blurred or disturbed vision. These changes occur due to the impact of the deficiency on the optic nerve and the visual pathways.

10. Heart palpitations

In some cases, B12 deficiency can cause an increased heart rate or heart palpitations. This symptom is due to the lack of oxygen being delivered to the cells and tissues, leading to increased heart activity.

Conclusion

Recognizing the early signs of B12 deficiency is essential for timely intervention and treatment.

If you experience any of the mentioned symptoms or suspect a deficiency, it is advisable to consult with a healthcare professional who can conduct the necessary tests and provide appropriate guidance.